1. NIPRL 1 Chapter 9. Comparing Two Population Means 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Analysis of Paired Samples 9.3 Analysis of Independent Samples 9.4 Summary 9.5 Supplementary Problems

2. NIPRL 2 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems(1/7) A set of data observations x 1,…, x n from a population A with a cumulative dist. F A (x), a set of data observations y 1,…, y m from another population B with a cumulative dist. F B (x). How to compare the means of the two populations, and ? (Fig.9.1) What if the variances are not the same between the two populations ? (Fig.9.2)

3. NIPRL 3 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (2/7) Fig.9.1 Comparison of the means of two prob. dists. Fig.9.2 Comparison of the variance of two prob. dists.

4. NIPRL 4 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (3/7) Example 49. Acrophobia Treatments - In an experiment to investigate whether the new treatment is effective or not, a group of 30 patients suffering from acrophobia are randomly assigned to one of the two treatment methods. - 15 patients undergo the standard treat- ment, say A, and 15 patients undergo the proposed new treatment B. Fig.9.3 Treating acrophobia.

5. NIPRL 5 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (4/7) - observations x 1,…, x 15 ~ A (standard treatment), observations y 1,…, y 15 ~ B (new treatment). - For this example, a comparison of the population means and, provides an indication of whether the new treatment is any better or any worse than the standard treatment.

6. NIPRL 6 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (5/7) - It is good experimental practice to randomize the allocation of subjects or experimental objects between standard treatment and the new treatment, as shown in Figure 9.4. - Randomization helps to eliminate any bias that may otherwise arise if certain kinds of subject are “favored” and given a particular treatment. Some more words: placebo, blind experiment, double-blind experiment Fig.9.4 Randomization of experimental subjects between two treatment

7. NIPRL 7 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (6/7) Example 44. Fabric Absorption Properties - If the rollers rotate at 24 revolutions per minute, how does changing the pressure from 10 pounds per square inch (type A) to 20 pounds per square inch (type B) influence the water pickup of the fabric? - data observations x i of the fabric water pickup with type A pressure and observations y i with type B pressure. - A comparison of the population means and shows how the average fabric water pickup is influenced by the change in pressure.

8. NIPRL 8 9.1.1 Two Sample Problems (7/7) Consider testing What if a confidence interval of contains zero ? Small p-values indicate that the null hypothesis is not a plausible statement, and there is sufficient evidence that the two population means are different. How to find the p-value ? Just in the same way as for one-sample problems

9. NIPRL 9 9.1.2 Paired Samples Versus Independent Samples (1/2) Example 53. Heart Rate Reduction - A new drug for inducing a temporary reduction in a patient’s heart rate is to be compared with a standard drug. - Since the drug efficacy is expected to depend heavily on the particular patient involved, a paired experiment is run whereby each of 40 patients is administered one drug on one day and the other drug on the following day. - blocking: it is important to block out unwanted sources of variation that otherwise might cloud the comparisons of real interest

10. NIPRL 10 9.1.2 Paired Samples Versus Independent Samples (2/2) Data from paired samples are of the form (x 1, y 1 ), (x 2, y 2 ), …, (x n, y n ) which arise from each of n experimental subjects being subjected to both “treatments” The comparison between the two treatments is then based upon the pairwise differences z i = x i – y i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n Fig.9.9 Paired and independent samples

11. NIPRL 11 9.2 Analysis of Paired Samples 9.2.1 Methodology Data observations (x 1, y 1 ), (x 2, y 2 ), …, (x n, y n ) One sample technique can be applied to the data set z i = x i – y i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, in order to make inferences about the unknown mean (average difference).

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13. NIPRL 13 9.2.2 Examples(1/2) Example 53. Heat Rate Reduction - An initial investigation of the data observations z i reveals that 30 of 40 are negative. This suggests that -

14. NIPRL 14 9.2.2 Examples(2/2) - - Consequently, the new drug provides a reduction in a patient’s heart rate of somewhere between 1% and 4.25% more on average than the standard drug.

15. NIPRL 15 9.3 Analysis of Independent Samples Samplessizemeanstandard deviation Population An Population Bm

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17. NIPRL 17 9.3.1 General Procedure (Smith-Satterthwaite test)

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21. NIPRL 21 p-value=0.0027 Fig.9.22

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23. NIPRL 23 9.3.2 Pooled Variance Procedure

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25. NIPRL 25 p-value=0.0023 Fig.9.24

26. NIPRL 26 9.3.3. z-Procedure -

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28. NIPRL 28 9.3.4. Examples(1/2) Example 49. Acrophobia Treatments - unpooled analysis (from Minitab) Fig.9.25 Acrophobia treatment data set (improvement scores)

29. NIPRL 29 9.3.4. Examples(2/2) - Analysis using pooled variance * Almost same as in the unpooled case.

30. NIPRL 30 9.3.5. Sample Size Calculations Interest : determination of appropriate sample sizes n and m, or an assessment of the precision afforded by given sample sizes

31. NIPRL 31 Example 44. Fabric Absorption Properties

32. NIPRL 32 – –to meet the specified goal, the experimenter can estimate that total sample sizes of n=m=95 will suffice.

33. NIPRL 33 Summary problems (1) In a one-sample testing problem of means, the rejection region is in the same direction as the alternative hypothesis. (yes) (2) The p-value of a test can be computed without regard to the significance level. (yes) (3) The length of a t-interval is larger than that of a z-interval with the same confidence level. (no) (4) If we know the p-value of a two-sided testing problem of the mean, we can always see whether the mean is contained in a two-sided confidence interval. (yes) (5) Independent sample problems may be handled as paired sample problems. (no)