1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 12

2. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

3. RED BLOOD CELLS - transport gasses WHITE BLOOD CELLS - fight disease PLATELETS - cell fragments that prevent blood loss HEMATOCRIT - percentage of blood cells by volume BLOOD VOLUME - can vary with body size, change in fluid and electrolyte concentration and the amount of adipose Males - 5-6 Liters Females - 4-5 Liters

4. Figure 12.02a RED BLOOD CELLS AKA ERYTHROCYTES -biconcave discs adapted to transport gasses -Lose nuclei early on -RBCs are made of hemoglobin that bind oxygen -When oxygen bound to hemoglobin the RBC color is red -When without oxygen the RBC appears bluish -Hypoxia - prolonged deficiency of oxygen

5. RED BLOOD CELL COUNTS The number of RBCs in a microliter = 4.6-6.2 million for males and 4.2-5.4 million in females A significant increase or decrease out of these ranges indicates disease.

6. Figure 12.03

7. Figure 12.04a

8. Nutritional Factors That Affect RBC Production B COMPLEX FOLIC ACID VITAMIN B 12 -all involved in DNA synthesis IRON -required for hemoglobin and RBC synthesis -The small intestine absorbs iron -The body reuses iron released by the break down of hemoglobin from damaged cells -ANEMIA - RBC and subsequent hemoglobin deficiency -HEMOCHROMATOSIS - condition where the small intestine absorbs iron at 10x the normal rate leading to iron build up in the organs. Treatment: frequent blood removal -SICKLE CELL ANEMIA - single DNA base change leads to abnormal hemoglobin molecules that bend RBCs into a sickle shape and can block circulation leading to excruciating joint pain and organ damage.

10. Figure 12.05

11. The function of white blood cells is to protect against infection and make proteins to destroy foreign invaders DIAPEDESIS - how WBCs leave circulation to fight invaders

12. WHITE BLOOD CELL AND PLATELET COUNTS White blood cell count = the number of WBCs in a microliter of blood - 4,500 - 10,000 cells = normal An increased WBC count = infection LEUKOCYTOSIS - high WBCs - 10,000 or above per microliter of blood LEUKOPENIA - low WBCs - below 5,000 per microliter of blood PLATELETS - cell fragments that arise from megakaryocytes -With out nuclei, 1/2 the size of a RBC, can live 10 days -Close breaks in damaged blood vessels -Initiate formation of blood clots Platelet count = 130,000 - 360,000 per microliter = normal

13. Figure 12.12

14. Figure 12.13

15. A NORMAL ARTERY VERSUS… AN ATHEROSC LEROTIC ARTERY

16. Figure 12.16

18. Figure 12.17

19. AGLUTTINATION - clumping of RBCs after a transfusion reaction - this is bad! Person with A blood given B blood!

20. Figure 12.18d

22. DETAILS ON Rh FACTORS….. Rh Blood Group - named after the Rhesus monkey in which it was 1st studied Human RBCs can have an antigen on its surface = Rh + If no antigen on the RBC that = Rh - The Rh trait like our blood type is inherited If an Rh- person receives an initial transfusion of Rh + blood the recipient makes anti- Rh antibodies If that same person receives another Rh+ transfusion their blood will agglutinate because antibodies made with the first transfusion will attack the transfused blood. A similar reaction can occur in a pregnant female if the mother is Rh- and the baby Rh + or vice versa

23. Figure 12.19