1. South Taiwan University Institute of Mechanical Engineering How to Read SpO 2 and yoga breath’s Reference Prof. :Yi-Chu Hsu Name :Ruei-Cheng Liu Student ID: M98R0208

2. Outline What is a pulse oximeter? 1. What is a pulse oximeter? How does oxygen move around the body? 2. How does oxygen move around the body? What is oxygen saturation? 3. What is oxygen saturation? How does the pulse oximeter measure 4. How does the pulse oximeter measure oxygen saturation? oxygen saturation? What are permissible levels of SpO2? 5. What are permissible levels of SpO2? Reference about the SpO2 6. Reference about the SpO2 All Conclusion 7. All Conclusion

3. What is a pulse oximeter? A pulse oximeter uses two frequencies of light (red and infrared) to determine the percentage (%) of hemoglobin in the blood that is saturated with oxygen. The percentage is called blood oxygen saturation, or SpO 2. A pulse oximeter also measures and displays the pulse rate at the same time it measures the SpO 2 level.

4. How does oxygen move around the body? We need oxygen to sustain our lives. Oxygen in the atmosphere is brought into the lungs by breathing, and into the blood via lung capillaries. Then it is transported throughout the body by the blood.

5. What is oxygen saturation? Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2). Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen is called deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb). The oxygen saturation is the ratio of the oxygenated hemoglobin to the hemoglobin in the blood, as defined by the following equation.

6. What is oxygen saturation? Since each hemoglobin molecule can bind to 4 molecules of oxygen, it may bind with 1 to 4 molecules of oxygen. However, hemoglobin is stable only when bound to 4 molecules of oxygen or when not bound to any oxygen. It is very unstable when bound to 1 to 3 molecules of oxygen. Therefore, as shown in the above figure, hemoglobin exists in the body in the form of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) with no oxygen bound, or as oxygenated hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen.

7. How does the pulse oximeter measure oxygen saturation Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is called oxygenated hemoglobin and has a bright red color. Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it is called deoxygenated hemoglobin and has a dark red color.

8. How does the pulse oximeter measure oxygen saturation The graph above shows spectroscopic and absorptive properties (properties regarding which color is absorbed) of oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin(Hb).

9. How does the pulse oximeter measure oxygen saturation The percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin is determined by measuring the ratio of infrared and red light detected by the pulse oximeter. The pulse oximeter emits red (R) and infrared (IR) LED light that passes through the body, receives data from a photodetector, and calculates the oxygen saturation by determining the ratio of the two waveforms.

10. What are permissible levels of SpO2? Usually, levels of SpO2 range from 96 to 99% in healthy individuals. However, when patients have pulmonary or cardiovascular chronic diseases at the same time as a common cold or pneumonia, the level of SpO2 may drop rapidly. SpO2 lower than 90% is defined as acute respiratory failure. When SpO2 drops by 3 to 4% from its usual level, even if it is not less than 90%, an acute disease may be suspected.

11. What are permissible levels of SpO2? In some patients, usual levels of SpO2 may be below 90%. Most other individuals will have fluctuations of 3 to 4%. Depending on individual pulmonary or cardiovascular conditions, the level of SpO2 may be relatively higher at rest, even though the level drops considerably during exercise or sleep.

12. Reference about the SpO2 Plenty of oxygen during Nadi Shodana

13. Reference about the SpO2 The subject was a male of normal build in his forties, with twenty years experience of yoga’s breathing exercises. During the test he did five rounds of Nadi Shodana, where you inhale, hold the breath, and exhale, to the ratio of 1:4:2. That is to say10 breaths in 15 minutes, which is relatively slow (a person at rest has approximately 16 breaths per minute).

14. Reference about the SpO2-Result Blood samples were taken regularly during the whole of Nadi Shodana and for a while afterwards. Before the breathing exercise the percentage of oxygen in the blood was 97% which is normal at rest. During the experiment the lowest percentage of oxygen measured was 88%, which is a reassuring oxygen content. The oxygen percentage returned in a few seconds to 97% after the exercise was completed.

15. Reference about the SpO2- Result (1)SpO 2 (2)PCO 2 z

16. All Conclusion 1. Although the pulse oximeter has many advantages, including high precision and ease of use for everyone, there are several factors which may cause errors in measurement. 2. In the Reference, although the use of collected blood to measure blood oxygen saturation, the method is invasive. Today, non-invasive testing instruments have been developed many, so as to not affect the human body as the main conditions of non-invasive instrument to detect the patient is better, in fact no matter which one, testing out the oxygen saturation ratio is almost the same! 2. In the Reference, although the use of collected blood to measure blood oxygen saturation, the method is invasive. Today, non-invasive testing instruments have been developed many, so as to not affect the human body as the main conditions of non-invasive instrument to detect the patient is better, in fact no matter which one, testing out the oxygen saturation ratio is almost the same!

17. Factors cause error in the pulse oximeter 1.abnormal hemoglobin 2.manicure and pedicure 3.excessive ambient light 4.major body motion 5.blood flow blocked to pressure on arms or fingers 6.ambient electromagnetic waves

18. Thank you for your attention.