1. Exercises 29 and 30 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

2. Blood Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume 2

3. Plasma Fluid portion of blood About 90% water Proteins Albumins transport solutes and buffer the plasma Globulins function in immunity Fibrinogen is a clotting protein Electrolytes (Na ⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) Nutrients Hormones Wastes 3

4. 4 Erythrocyte

5. 5 Erythrocyte (RBC) Flattened biconcave discs that lack nuclei and most organelles. Most of the cytoplasm is filled with the protein hemoglobin Function: Transport of O 2

6. 6 Iron Deficient RBC More pale and smaller

7. 7 Sickle Cell

8. 8 Reticulocyte Count: 1-2% of RBC RBC precursor Increased when RBC turnover is high Still contains nuclear fragments

9. 9 Platelets Also called thrombocytes Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte Count: 150-500,000 per mm 3 Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

10. 10 Platelets Megakaryocytes Platelet

11. White Blood Cells Also called Leukocytes Defend the body from pathogens and foreign proteins. Capable of migrating from blood vessels to surrounding tissues by diapedesis. 11

12. Response types Innate immunity: a person having a reaction to microorganisms and foreign substances without prior exposure Adaptive immunity in which exposure initiates immune response 12

13. Leukocyte Groups Granular leukocytes are named because they have granules in the cytoplasm Agranular leukocytes lack granules 13

14. 14 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules

15. 15 Neutrophil Count: 60- 70% Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria Functions: Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

16. 16 Eosinophil (Granulocyte) Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand Large, uniform- sized orange-red granules

17. 17 Eosinophil Count: 2 -4% Functions: Attack parasitic worms; mitigate the effects of allergy and inflammation

18. 18 Basophil (Granulocyte) Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules Obscure the nucleus Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

19. 19 Basophil Count: <1% Functions: Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

20. 20 Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) Dark, oval to round nucleus Cytoplasm sky blue in color

21. 21 Lymphocyte Count: 25-33% Functions: Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, Includes B and T cells

22. B cells and T cells Won’t be able to distinguish between these with Wright's stain B cells become plasma cells which make antibodies T cells mature in thymus and provide cell-mediated immunity 22

23. 23 Monocyte (Agranulocyte) Nucleus is kidney or horse- shoe shaped Pale cytoplasm Largest blood cells

24. 24 Monocyte Count: 3-8% Functions: Enter tissues to become macrophages Engulf pathogens or debris

25. Differential WBC count Differential white blood cell count is performed to determine the percentages of each white blood cell type Any deviation in the normal percentage ranges could indicate an abnormal condition such as bacterial, viral or parasitic infection 25

26. Leukopenia and Leukemia Leukopenia is a decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes. Can be caused by radiation therapy, chemotherapy and some drugs. Leukemia is an increase in the number of WBCs 26

27. 27 ABO Blood Types RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins (surface antigens or agglutinogens) The glycoprotein determines the blood type Plasma contains antibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

28. 28 Type A Type A: Display only antigen A The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

29. 29 Type B Type B: Display only antigen B The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

30. 30 Type AB Type AB: Display both antigens A & B The plasma contains no antibodies

31. 31 Type O Type O: Display neither antigen The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

32. 32 Blood Transfusions Only RBC are donated. Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC Causes clumping then hemolysis

33. 33 RH blood groups People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh +. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies Antibodies develop only in Rh - blood type & only with exposure to the antigen Transfusion of positive blood During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

34. 34 Hemoglobin Concentrations Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter. Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13- 18 g/deciliter. Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

35. 35 Gender Differences in Hb Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

36. Lab activities ID blood cells on slides can use prepared class slides or make your own. Do differential white blood cell count Determine your blood type Determine hemoglobin levels Calculate hemotocrit from your hemoglobin levels 36

37. 37 The End