1. Bellwork What are capillaries? Why is it important for them to be small and thin walled?

2. Circulatory and respiration

3. The lungs are the site for CO 2 and O 2 exchange

4. Negative pressure breathing - Mammals pull air into their lungs

5. Partial pressure The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture. In the air O 2 ~160 mm Hg O 2 ~160 mm Hg CO 2 ~.29 mm Hg CO 2 ~.29 mm Hg Due to this – O 2 diffuses into the blood and CO 2 diffuses out of the blood

6. Partial pressure

7. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin carries 4 oxygen molecules (O 2 ) Hemoglobin loads O 2 in the lungs and unloads it in other parts of the body How does Hemoglobin know when to do this? Bohr shift – more acidic environment (because of CO 2 ) makes hemoglobin unload O 2 Bohr shift – more acidic environment (because of CO 2 ) makes hemoglobin unload O 2 Cooperativity – If one O 2 molecule binds, it changes the shape so the other three bind. If one is unloaded it changes shape to release the others. Cooperativity – If one O 2 molecule binds, it changes the shape so the other three bind. If one is unloaded it changes shape to release the others.

8. Hemoglobin also helps carry out CO 2 molecules and buffers the blood 7% of the CO2 is transported by plasma 23% binds to hemoglobin peptide chains 70% is transported by erythrocytes as bicarbonate ions The Hydrogen ions are carried by hemoglobin (minimizing pH change in the blood) The Hydrogen ions are carried by hemoglobin (minimizing pH change in the blood)

9. The evolution of circulatory systems allowed larger and more-complex animals to arise. a.Describe the respiratory and digestive systems’ specialized structures that facilitate the movement of oxygen and glucose into the circulatory system of mammals. b.Explain how oxygen and glucose are transported within the circulatory system of mammls. c.Explain the transfer of oxygen and glucose from the blood and into the active cells of mammals.

10. In water, fish use countercurrent exchange

11. Questions for fish lab For # 3 be sure to use words such as vasoconstriction, vasodilatation and talk about the speed of erythrocytes in capillaries

12. Capillaries

13. Norepinephrine – sympathetic (fight or flight) increase heart and respiratory rate, dilated pupils, open up airways Caffeine and Nicotine release norepinephrine in the brain (increase blood pressure, increase wakefulness, increase in respiration, increase energy). They are also vasoconstrictors, which should reduce the flow of blood in the periphery.

14. Alcohol - decreases of norepinephine (which is a vasoconstrictor in the skin or tail of a fish). Blood flow should increase in periphery as a result- vasodilatation.