1. Biological Anthropology
Ways in Which We Differ (and why that can matter)

2. App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body
Red Blood Cells
Heme: iron holding unit (need iron in our diet to produce new hemoglobin
Globin: surrounding proteins
Heme is part that combines with oxygen, picking it up in the lungs and taking it to tissues where there is less Oxygen
Need oxygen to process food, energy production for activities
25 trillion red blood cells
red cell is sack of hemoglobin
normal cells are donut shape
BUT: red cells do not reproduce (like brain cells) and they are made by stem cells in the bone marrow: does not even contain a nucleus
ANEMIA: # of red blood cells falls below normal, not allowing enough O2 to body’s tissues..feeling tired and weak. Develop iron deficiency, B12 deficiency or low folic acid in the dit
App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body
you are both destroying (and making) new red blood cells at a rate of around 2.7 million cells per second.
Every red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules, each one capable of carrying four oxygen molecules

3. Let’s Start Outside?

4. ABO Blood Group Alleles A B O Genotype AA, AO BB, BO OO AB Phenotype A
codominant
Selection against a heterozygote
recessive

5. ABO Differences

6. Rh (Rhesus) Blood Group
Alleles D d
Genotype
DD, Dd dd
Phenotype
Rh+
Rh-
dominant
Selection against a heterozygote
recessive

7. Maternal/Infant Rh Incompatibility
Rh+ and Rh - :
Protein found common to everyone byt the Rd+ will have a few more AA linked in its chain

8. Now Let’s Go Inside…

9. App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body
Red Blood Cells
Heme: iron holding unit (need iron in our diet to produce new hemoglobin
Globin: surrounding proteins
Heme is part that combines with oxygen, picking it up in the lungs and taking it to tissues where there is less Oxygen
Need oxygen to process food, energy production for activities
25 trillion red blood cells
red cell is sack of hemoglobin
normal cells are donut shape
BUT: red cells do not reproduce (like brain cells) and they are made by stem cells in the bone marrow: does not even contain a nucleus
ANEMIA: # of red blood cells falls below normal, not allowing enough O2 to body’s tissues..feeling tired and weak. Develop iron deficiency, B12 deficiency or low folic acid in the dit
App. 30 trillion RBC in the human body
you are both destroying (and making) new red blood cells at a rate of around 2.7 million cells per second.
Every red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules, each one capable of carrying four oxygen molecules

10. Two Forms of Beta Hemoglobin
Normal Hemoglobin (A)
Mutated Hemoglobin (S)
Inherited as a simple mendelian trait, the sickle-cell anemic inherits two variant (sickling) alleles, one from each parent. Individuals with one normal and one vaiant allele are generally healthy but are carriers, thus, have the sickle-cell trait…if two heterosygous carriers marry, the chances are one in four that a child will have sickle-cell anemia
on sense strand in the sizth position codon
Normal : codon codes for Gluatamic acid
Hba: CTC…glutamic acid
with mutation
HBs: CAC…valine
HBs behaves differently than Hba when O2 levels become low…HBs hemoglobin will change its physical shape, or sickle

11. Beta Hemoglobin Protein consists of 146 amino acids
Gene consists of 438 bases (146 X 3)
Protein comes in two forms

12. The “Normal” Situation (HbA allele)
DNA: GGA CTC CTC TTT
Codon # # # #8
Amino Acid #6 Glutamic Acid

13. The “Mutated” Situation (HbS allele)
DNA: GGA CAC CTC TTT
Codon # # # #8
Amino Acid #6 Valine

14. The Difference is in Codon #6
Normal allele: CTC Normal A.A.: Glutamic Acid
Mutated allele: CAC Substituted A.A.: Valine
Everything else is the same:
145 identical amino acids
437 identical DNA bases

15. Sickle-Cell Alleles HbA HbS Genotype HbA HbA Phenotype HbA HbS normal
HbS HbS
Phenotype
normal
dominant
sickle-cell trait
recessive
Selection against a heterozygote
sickle-cell anemia

16. Red Blood Cells
‘donut’ shaped
sickle shaped

17. A simple mutation with multiple effects

18. Sickle-Cell in the U.S.
Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in the US
More than 70,000 people have sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease occurs in 1 in every 500 African Americans
About 8% of African Americans are carriers of sickle cell disease
Two million people have sickle cell trait
Approximately 1 in 12 African Americans has sickle cell trait

19. Balanced Polymorphism
Situation in which selection maintains
two or more phenotypes
for a specific gene
Selective mechanism

20. Heterozygote Advantage

21. What advantage could sickle-cell offer?

22. Malaria Infectious disease caused by Falciparum plasmodium
Mosquito is carrier
Malaria is passed through bacteria that live inside of mosquitoes known as the parasite falciparum plasmodium the mosquito is the vector or carrier of malaria

23. Malaria perhaps the most deadly organism in the world (to humans)
million people in the world
1-1.5 million people die each year

24. Malaria Parasite infects blood
Part of life cycle occurs in red blood cells
Population continuously infected

25. Distribution of Malaria

26. Distribution of the HbS allele

27. The Connection
Heterozygote has greatest fitness in malarial environment
Both high in frequency

28. Viruses Not alive Require host cell to reproduce
Symptoms and effects relate to which host cells are used

29. Viruses
Viruses use the cells genetic machinery to make new copies

30. Influenza A Virus Highly variable surface structures Mutates readily
Avoidance behaviors
frequent handwashing
covering coughs
having ill persons stay home, (except to seek medical care)
minimize contact with others in the household who may be ill with swine-origin influenza virus.
Model of the influenza A virus showing HA and NA receptors projecting from the surface of the virus. Source: accessed May 5, 2009.

32. H1N1 Virus

33. H1N1 Virus
A “triple reassortment” virus consisting of human, avian, and swine influenzas
Virus strains 90% identical to H1N1 have been circulating in swine for approximately 10 years
Combination of viral strains thought to have arisen when live pigs were transported between North America and Eurasia
Source: accessed on 24 Nov. 2009

34. HIV Virus HIV uses T-cells as hosts
T-cells are part of the body’s immune system
Infection can lead to AIDS

35. From HIV to AIDS
HIV+
exposure to virus and antibody production
CD4 (t-cell) count drops after infection, rebounds, then diminishes
≤ 200 = “AIDS”
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

36. A global view of HIV infection
33 million people [30–36 million] living with HIV, 2007
2.2

37. Ebola Zaire
Electron micrograph of Zaire Ebola virus. This is the first photo ever taken, on 10/13/1976 by Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at UC Davis, then at CDC. Diagnostic specimen in cell culture at 160,000 x magnification.

38. Ebola Zaire Majority of cases are lethal Animal Source?
The virus’ genome consists of 18,959 nucleotide bases
Animal Source?

39. Cumulative reported cases in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
provided in WHO situation reports beginning on March 24, 2014 through the most recent situation report on April 22, 2015.
Source: accessed 30/04/2015

40. Current Ebola Epidemic
(as of 28 April 2015)
Country
Total Cases (Suspected, Probable, and Confirmed)
Laboratory-Confirmed Cases
Total Deaths
Guinea
3584
3158
2377
Liberia*
10322
3151
4608
Sierra Leone
12371
8586
3899
Total
26277
14895
10884
Countries with Widespread Transmission
Source: accessed 30 April 2015

41. Current Ebola Epidemic
(as of 28 April 2015)
Country
Total Cases (Suspected, Probable, and Confirmed)
Laboratory-Confirmed Cases
Total Deaths
Nigeria 20 19 8
Senegal 1
Spain
United States 4
Mali 7 6
United Kingdom
Total 35 33 15
Previously Affected Countries**
Source: accessed 30 April 2015