2. Circulation and Gas Exchange KnowWant to Know

3. Gastrovascular Cavity vs. Open Circulatory System vs. Closed Circulatory System Label the systems above and identify in which organisms/phyla each system is found. Then, compare and contrast the three systems. Which system is most efficient at circulation? Which system “costs” least to build/maintain? Define these terms: blood, vessels, heart, hemolymph, and sinuses

4. Gastrovascular Cavity vs. Open Circulatory System vs. Closed Circulatory System

6. Label the systems above and identify in which organisms/phyla each system is found. Then, compare and contrast the three systems. Which system is most efficient at circulation? Which system “costs” least to build/maintain? Define these terms: blood, vessels, heart, hemolymph, and sinuses

7. V ERTEBRATE C IRCULATORY S YSTEMS Label the systems above and identify in which organisms each type is found. Then, identify the key advantages of the 4 chambered system over the 2 or 3 chambered systems. Define: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules, atria, and ventricles

8. V ERTEBRATE C IRCULATORY S YSTEMS

9. Label the systems above and identify in which organisms each type is found. Then, identify the key advantages of the 4 chambered system over the 2 or 3 chambered systems. Define: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules, atria, and ventricles

10. M AMMALIAN C IRCULATORY S YSTEM Label the mammalian circulatory system and heart below. Be able to trace the path of a blood cell through the heart and body and identify which vessels carry oxygenated blood and which carry deoxygenated blood in the body and in the heart.

11. M AMMALIAN C IRCULATORY S YSTEM

13. Practice! Describe the paths a red blood cell could take if it started in the inferior vena cava, went to the brain, and returned Focus Questions When does it have oxygen? When does it not? What causes oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the cells and carbon dioxide and waste to be removed?

14. Capillary Exchange

15. Normal osmotic pressure = 25 mmHg

16. T HE C ARDIAC C YCLE, H EART R ATE, AND B LOOD P RESSURE Label the diagrams about the cardiac cycle and heart rate above. Know which stages of contraction are associated with “systole” and “diastole” and know how to coordinate the electrical stimulation from the pacemaker of the heart with the stages of contractions. Also, define heart rate and know how the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline) affect or regulate heart rate. Define: heart rate, stroke volume, sinoatrial (SA) node, and AV node.

17. T HE C ARDIAC C YCLE, H EART R ATE, AND B LOOD P RESSURE

18. How do the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline) affect or regulate heart rate?

19. T HE C ARDIAC C YCLE, H EART R ATE, AND B LOOD P RESSURE What does blood pressure measure?

20. T HE C ARDIAC C YCLE, H EART R ATE, AND B LOOD P RESSURE

23. B LOOD Complete the table below to identify the key components of blood and plasma. Be able to explain in great detail how the structure of red blood cells contributes to their function. Use structural differences between healthy red blood cells and sickle cells to explain the complications associated with sickle cell anemia. Terms: plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin

25. Sickle Cells vs. Normal Cells It’s all about the hemoglobin…

26. How do structural differences lead to complications associated with sickle cell anemia?

27. R ESPIRATION AND G AS E XCHANGE : B IG P ICTURE Label the diagram to the right showing the “big picture” of how an organism’s respiration is related to cellular respiration. Review the steps of cellular respiration and how food energy is converted to ATP.

28. R ESPIRATION AND G AS E XCHANGE : B IG P ICTURE

30. What are the general characteristics of all respiratory surfaces? Identify in which organisms the following serve as respiratory surfaces: body wall/cell membrane, skin, gills tracheae, and lungs. Define: respiration/gas exchange, respiratory surface R ESPIRATION AND G AS E XCHANGE : B IG P ICTURE

31. What are the general characteristics of all respiratory surfaces? Identify in which organisms the following serve as respiratory surfaces: body wall/cell membrane, skin, gills tracheae, and lungs. Define: respiration/gas exchange, respiratory surface R ESPIRATION AND G AS E XCHANGE : B IG P ICTURE

32. M AMMALIAN R ESPIRATORY S YSTEMS Label the diagram of the human respiratory system below. Be able to explain the how the structure of alveoli contribute to their respiratory function. Also, be able to explain how the levels of O 2 and CO 2 are detected and relayed to the brain and how the brain responds to low levels of O 2 or high levels of CO 2. Define: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, medulla oblongata, and pons

33. M AMMALIAN R ESPIRATORY S YSTEMS

35. Carbon Dioxide Transport

36. As the amount of CO2 in the blood increases, the pH of the blood ____________ because the blood is more _________. The decrease in blood pH is sensed by vessels like the aorta which sends a signal to the _________________and _______. What response should the brain trigger if the blood pH is too low? What could cause the blood pH to be too low? Given all this… briefly describe how blood pH is regulated.

37. H EMOGLOBIN AND G AS E XCHANGE Study the diagrams below. How does pH affect the saturation of oxygen in hemoglobin? How does temperature affect the saturation of oxygen in hemoglobin? When a person exercises, they produce more CO 2 which (raises/lowers) the pH of the blood. This causes oxygen to be (held/released) into the muscle cells during exercise. This is called the Bohr shift.

38. The Awesomeness of Hemoglobin What factors cause O2 to dissociate from (or be let go from) hemoglobin? Which types of cells produce the most CO2? Least? What happens to temperature, CO2 levels, and blood pH when you exercise? Given all this.... briefly explain how the structure/function of hemoglobin ensures the most needy cells get the O2!