1. Molecular Genetics DNA RNA Protein Phenotype Genome Gene
The flow of information:
1. Storage
2. Replication
3. Gene Expression
Transcription
Translation

2. Flow of Genetic Information

3. Flow of Genetic Information

4. Translation Translation requires: Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Cap
Translation requires:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomes
ATP
Enzymes (translation factors)
Start of genetic
message
End
Tail

5. Translation Transfer RNA (tRNA): Molecular interpreter
Matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using anticodons
Amino acid
attachment site
Anticodon

6. Translation
tRNA Structure

7. Translation Ribosomes: Coordinate the functions of mRNA and tRNA
Made of two subunits
Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
tRNA binding sites
Large
subunit
Small
P site
A site

8. Translation Complex formation: Ribosome mRNA Initiator tRNA
Translation factors
mRNA
Start
codon

9. Translation Codon Recognition: Another tRNA Translation factors
Anticodon
Codon Recognition:
Another tRNA
Translation factors
Initiator
tRNA
mRNA
Start
codon

10. Translation
Peptide Bond Formation:

11. Translation
Translocation:
New
peptide
bond
mRNA
movement

12. Translation
Elongation:

13. Peptide bond formation
Codon recognition
ELONGATION
Stop
codon
Peptide bond formation
Figure The elongation of a polypeptide. (Step 4)
Translocation

14. Transcription Polypeptide Nucleus RNA processing Termination mRNA
DNA
mRNA
RNA processing
Termination
mRNA
Figure A summary of transcription and translation. (Step 6)
Enzyme
Elongation
ATP
Initiation
of translation
Amino acid
attachment

15. tRNA Charging

16. Mutations A mutation is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Mutations can change the amino acids in a protein.
Mutations can involve:
Large regions of a chromosome
Just a single nucleotide pair
Normal hemoglobin DNA
mRNA
Normal hemoglobin
Mutant hemoglobin DNA
Sickle-cell hemoglobin

17. Mutations