1. The Macromolecules of Life

2. Macromolecules Molecules that contain CARBON are called organic.
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are composed of chemicals:
-Water -Carbohydrates -Proteins
-Lipids -Nucleic Acids
Molecules that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

3. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are also called POLYMERS and BIOMOLECULES.
Polymers are made of up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Polymers/Macromolecules
Biomolecules/Organic Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

4. Nucleic Acids Two types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helix
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) single strand
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides.
A nucleotide is the MONOMER of a nucleic acid POLYMER.
Nucleic acids store genetic information.

5. Nucleotide
Nitrogen
base
(A, G, C, or T)
Phosphate
Sugar

6. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are made up of a monomer called a nucleotide. Parts of a Nucleotide: -Phosphate group -Sugar -Nitrogen bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) cytosine (C) guanine (G)

7. DNA Structure
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8. DNA - double helix A pairs with T C pairs with G

9. DNA Intro Strawberry Lab Online DNA Activity Nucleotide Cutouts
DNA Worksheet
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10. DNA Intro Research Questions:
A nucleic acid is a macromolecule that is found in all living organisms.
DNA & RNA
Nucleotides are the monomer that make up a nucleic acid.
Store genetic information for all living organisms.
Hypothesis:
Yes, because the strawberry was once alive so it will have all of the macromolecules.
No, the strawberry is not alive, so it may not contain all of the macromolecules.

11. Carbohydrates

12. Carbohydrates Main source of energy
Monosaccharide (mono – one) Disaccharide (di – two) Polysaccharide (poly – many)

13. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar monomer Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Ribose Fructose
glucose

14. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose Lactose
Maltose
glucose

15. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose

17. Lipids

18. Lipids Compounds that are not soluble in water
Main component of the cell membrane
Stored/Reserve Energy
After carbs are used up, fats have the reserve energy

19. Lipids
Examples: Fats Phospholipids Oils Waxes Steroid hormones Triglycerides
The body stores excess fat in fat cells, or lipocytes, which expand in size until the fat is used for fuel.
Functions:
Protection against heat loss (insulation)
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
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20. Lipids an energy reserve
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source. After carbohydrates are used up, an organism will use its fats for energy. What would happen if all the fats and carbs have already been used?
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21. Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
Saturated
fatty acids
no double bonds (bad)
Unsaturated
double bonds (good)

22. When consumed in large amounts, lipids can lead to cardiovascular disease.

24. Are hormones lipids or proteins? Could be either!
Steroid hormones are fat-soluble molecules made from cholesterol. Among these are the three major sex hormones groups: estrogens, androgens and progesterones. Males and females make all three, just in different amounts. Steroids pass into a cell's nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes and trigger the cell to make proteins.
Insulin, growth hormone, prolactin and other water-soluble protein hormones consist of long chains of amino acids, from several to 200 amino acids long. They are stored in endocrine cells until needed to regulate such processes as metabolism, lactation, growth and reproduction.

25. Proteins Made from amino acids chains
The polymer protein is made up of the monomer amino acids
20 different amino acids
bonded together by peptide bonds
Even though there are only 20 amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the sequence and number of amino acids in a chain can vary.

26. Proteins Functions Transport Regulatory Movement Structural
Cellular Reactions
Examples
Hemoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Hormones
metabolism, growth
Muscles
membranes, hair, nails
Enzymes

27. Cell Membrane consists of lipids & proteins

28. Enzymes a special type of protein
Organic molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions
Catalyze reactions = speed up reactions (such as digestion)

29. There are so many proteins, how does a living organism know what protein is needed, and how to assemble from the amino acids?

30. Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information
DNA is in every living organism.
DNA contains a code in the sequence of the base pairs.
DNA transfers the code to RNA.
RNA uses the code to link amino acids together.
The linked amino acids make a specific protein.
The proteins that are created have specific structure and function.
DNA  RNA  Amino Acids  Proteins