1. Dry Cow Therapy, Mastitis and Milk - Enhancement, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Israel. Nissim Silanikove, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Israel., The Veterinary Institute, Israel Gabriel Leitner, The Veterinary Institute, Israel

2. Mastitis Mastitis affects one third of all dairy cows annually ¹ ConventionalOrganic U. K.37.134.7 ¹ National Mastitis Council, Current Concepts in Bovine Mastitis, Madison, WI, 1996.

3. Mastitis Costs Mastitis costs the U.S. dairy industry over $2 Billion annually (W L Hurley, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 2001.) The worldwide estimated cost of mastitis to the dairy industry is $10.34 Billion annually.

4. Current Drug Treatment Milk Enhancement - Posilac. Dry Cow Treatment - Antibiotics. Mastitis - Antibiotics.

5. Milk Withdrawal - Antibiotics

6. Total Milk Losses Per Cow Treated

7. Milk Loss and Cost of Discard Milk Milk Loss 60 lb/d Cost of Discard Milk Pirsue ® 150$18.00 Dariclox ® 180$21.60 Amoxi- Mast ® 210$25.20 Dariclox ® 270$32.40 Pirsue ® 300$36.00

8. The Physiological Basis Dramatic activation of the innate immune system within 8 hours Secretion of large number of activated neutrophils. Enhanced secretion of immunoglobulins. Formation of bactericide environment: Secretion of antimicrobial proteins and free radicals formation. Drastic reduction in lactose and citrate concentration: elimination of food for bacteria.

9. Treatment procedures Repeat the treatment twice over two days. Don’t milk between treatments. After the last treatment the gland is not milked until the next lactation. Evacuate the treated gland and infuse the drug into the cistern.

10. CNH in Goats: Precipitous drying of milk secretion only in the treated gland Silanikove et al, Life Sci., 2002

11. Effect of CNH treatments (1 to 3) of single glands in 60 cows on post-treatment SCC and milk yield within the same lactation

12. SCC (×1000) frequencies after treatment with CNH SCC level0– 200201– 400>401 Clinical 22 % 8 % 0 Subclinical 70 % 12%8 % Total 92 % 10% 8 %

13. SCC (×1000) frequencies after treatment of single glands in 60 cows with CNH in the following lactation Reminder : pretreatment average SCC was 1,210.2  100 25.9 % 101 - 200 53.3 % 201 - 400 19.9 %  401 10.8 %

14. Bacterial cure after treatment of single glands with CNH 648Total 215 010 pyogenesA. 14E. coli 26All Streptococcus 15S. aureus Detected microorganism after treatment Detected microorganism before treatment Cure rate of 86 % P < 0.01 CNS

16. Dry period and new infections "For every 5 kg increase in milk yield at dry-off above 12.5 kg, the odds of cow having an environmental intramammary infection at calving increased at least by 77%". Rajala-Schultz et al.; J Dairy Sci 2005; 88; 577-9 The risk of new intramammary infections might be reduced if milk production decreased prior to dry off, the udder involuted rapidly, and the teat canal closed in a timely manner". R.T. Dingwell et al. 2001; National Mastitis Council Annual Meeting Proceedings, pp. 69-79; NMC, Verona, Wisconsin

17. ARO technology

18. Dry period: Treatment procedures Treat all glands with or without antibiotics Evacuate the treated gland and infuse the drug into the cistern.

19. Histology of gland treated with casein hydrolyzate (CNH) vs. non-treated gland Control Gland Treated Gland

23. Experimental structure: animals (number and types), treatments, and periods TreatmentNumberAnimalsTimePeriod None74heifersAug. 04 - Aug. 051 Naf. DC111cows None56heifersSep. 05 - June 062 Naf. DC + CNH 98cows Naf. DC17control cows None48heifersJuly 06 - April 073 Naf. DC89cows

24. Bacterial status (infected, noninfected, chronic, clinic and cured) in period 2 (following Nafpenzal DC+ CNH at DCT) and period 3 (following Nafpenzal DC) P [χ 2 ] Period 3Period 2 83/332 92/368Cow/glandsBefore drying off 274/332 (82.5)326/368 (88.6) Uninfected 58/332 (17.5) 42/368 (11.4)Infected NS259/274 (94.5)312/326 (95.7) Uninfected 1 Postpartu m 15/274 (5.5) 14/326 (4.3)Chronic 2 20/274 (7.3) 28/326 (8.6clinic 3 0.02 30/58 (51.7) 31/42 (73.8)Cured 4 28/58 (48.3) 11/42 (26.2)Not Cured 5 1 Uninfected quarter before drying off and uninfected at parturition. 2 New Infection, chronic – Infection was detected during parturition and in the first 100 days in the new lactation: The same udders were uninfected before drying off. 3 New Infection, clinical – Infection was detected during the first month after parturition and remained for the first 100 days in the new lactation: The same udders were uninfected before drying off. 4 Cure – Bacteria detected in the month preceding dry off was not detected in the same udder during the first 100 days of lactation 5 Not Cured – The reciprocal of cured: Bacteria detected in given udders in the month preceding dry off was also detected in the same udder during the first 100 days of the subsequent lactation.

26. Cow 2425

27. Cow 2331

28. Conclusions CNH is effective as a dry period treatment: eradicates existing infections, prevents new infections and lowers SCC. CNH gained high rate of bacterial cure, with secretion of milk with low SCC during the next lactation cycle. CNH improve dramatically milk hygiene immediately, without the need to discard milk from the uninfected gland. CNH is effective where no alternative treatments exist. CNH increases milk yield similar to growth hormone. CNH has the potential to shortens the length of the dry period without adversely affecting milk yield in the subsequent lactation..