1. ElectroScience Lab Studies of Radio Frequency Interference in SMOS Observations IGARSS 2011 Joel T. Johnson and Mustafa Aksoy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ElectroScience Laboratory The Ohio State University Vancouver, Canada 29th July 2011 *SMOS data provided by the European Space Agency

2. ElectroScience Lab Motivation l Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) a major concern for L-band (1400-1427 MHz) microwave radiometry l ESA’s SMOS mission experiencing significant RFI since launch Nov 2009 l RFI expected for NASA’s Aquarius (now in orbit) and SMAP (launch ~ 2014) l Important to understand RFI environment to plan for these missions l SMAP will include a digital backend to enhance RFI detection/mitigation, but need to assess expected performance l Examine properties of RFI in SMOS observations l Primarily with L1C data but selected L1B examples also shown l Some “artifacts” caused by strong sources and SMOS system properties l Try to reduce artifacts to see RFI “truth” l Compile statistical information, “low level” RFI of particular interest l Emphasize North America since RFI here is more “low level”

3. ElectroScience Lab Outline l SMOS observations and datasets l Initial examination of statistics l RFI artifacts and reduction strategies l “Artifact reduced” statistics

4. ElectroScience Lab SMOS Basics l ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has operated an L-band interferometric radiometer in space since Nov 2009 l Provides multi-angular observations for each pixel (including SMAP’s 40 o ) l SMOS measurement properties: –native time resolution ~ 1.2 sec, a single frequency channel –Tb’s (H, V, U, 4) give power levels (fullband, time averaged) and location –Interferometric focusing can cause some sidelobes and aliasing of RFI sources 4 ~ 40 degrees portion of SMOS swath

5. ElectroScience Lab SMOS L1 Data Products l L1A: calibrated visibilities (i.e. correlations): Not using at present l L1B: calibrated Fourier components of brightness temperature –Can construct brightness temperature image by applying appropriate window function then performing FFT l L1C maps L1B data onto an Earth-fixed grid –Reordered by grid point, multiple angles at each grid point –Expected Tb accuracy and resolution also included for each angle at a given grid point Alias-Free Field of View Plus extended Alias-Free Field of View Sidelobes of Aliased RFI Sources Can impact AF-FOV

6. ElectroScience Lab Initial Examination of Statistics: 2/9/11-3/8/11, %Th>350 K, 40 o +/-2.5 o

7. ElectroScience Lab Initial Examination of Statistics: 2/9/11-3/8/11, %Th>350 K, 40 o +/-2.5 o (log scale)

8. ElectroScience Lab Initial Examination of Statistics: 2/9/11-3/8/11,Th Max, 40 o +/-2.5 o

9. ElectroScience Lab Initial Examination of Statistics: 2/9/11-3/8/11, sqrt(Tu^2+T4^2) Max, 40 o +/-2.5 o

10. ElectroScience Lab Where do “artifacts” come from? l Sidelobes from strong sources spread into rest of snapshot l Worse because these sources may be outside L1C field of view l Sources appear multiple times outside of FOV due of aliasing l Sources “sit” on Earth horizon: atmospheric ducting mechanism? Alias-Free Field of View Plus extended Alias-Free Field of View Sidelobes of Aliased RFI Sources Can impact AF-FOV

11. ElectroScience Lab L1B/L1C Movie Illustrating Artifacts

12. ElectroScience Lab L1B/L1C Movie Illustrating Artifacts (Descending)

13. ElectroScience Lab Reducing Artifacts l Sources in forward part of swath more problematic –Ascending more problematic when large sources are to the North –Descending more problematic when large sources are to the South –Use only descending observations for North America l Outer parts of swath more susceptible to corruption –Using only the AF-FOV helps some, but still some issues –Reduce swath further using a limit on accuracy l Try to throw out “bad” snapshots entirely –Look at time series of boresite accuracy (related to mean image brightness) –Use a “pulse” detection algorithm to discard outliers l Examine RFI in remaining data: should have reduced artifacts –Some large RFI sources not causing artifacts may also be discarded

14. ElectroScience Lab Swath and Snapshot Reduction Examples l Include only points whose accuracy is within 10% of the boresite value (limits swath) l Apply “pulse” detection algorithm and a threshold to boresite accuracy to detect “bad” snapshots and discard Portion of swath meeting accuracy limits “Bad” snapshots detected by pulse algorithm are entirely discarded

15. ElectroScience Lab Image Before/After Artifact Reduction l Max of H pol (all angles): Descending only North America, Feb 2011 l “True” RFI sources more apparent with artifacts reduced

16. ElectroScience Lab l Max of sqrt(Tu^2+T4^2) (all angles): Descending only North America, Feb 2011 l Higher sensitivity of polarimetric channels shows more sources, although likely some artifacts remain Image Before/After Artifact Reduction

17. ElectroScience Lab SMOS Tb CCDF Over SMAP Mask (40 deg) l H pol, Ascending only, 1/14/11-2/28/11

18. ElectroScience Lab Conclusions l SMOS experiencing significant corruption due to RFI –Difficult to detect and remove, especially low-level RFI –Many approaches being explored: point source removal (L1B), multi-angle or polarimetric (L1C), geophysical anomaly (L2) l Impacted not only by real sources but also by “artifacts” –Sidelobes of both real and aliased sources, esp. those on horizon –Limiting swath, ascending/descending, and throwing out “bad” snapshots can reduce artifacts l Statistics of artifact reduced data still show significant RFI presence –Examine this dataset to assist in SMAP planning –Explore potential low-level RFI detection strategies in future work –Also matchups with previous airborne dataset in the USA