1. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 1 Maritime Delimitation Brazil´s experience using nautical cartography to fix maritime boundaries IHO Seminar for Chairmen of National Hydrographic Committees Acapulco – Oct 02-04th, 2006

2. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 2 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

3. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 3 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

4. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 4 Maritime Delimitation  Introduction Terrestrial Frontiers -Established from stand out geographic points -Almost total terrestrial frontiers are established

5. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 5 Maritime Delimitation  Introduction Maritime Frontiers -Can’t be physically settled -Until 1982: arbitrary criteria -Without control conditions -1982: UNCLOS

6. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 6 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

7. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 7 Maritime Delimitation The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -Opened for signature in 1982, Jamaica -Define objectives criteria into the establishment of maritime boundaries

8. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 8 Maritime Delimitation The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -Give new concepts other than unrestricted sovereign (territorial)

9. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 9 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Coastal States exercise sovereignty over their territorial sea which they have the right to establish its breadth up to a limit not to exceed 12 nautical miles; foreign vessels are allowed "innocent passage" through those waters; Key features

10. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 10 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Coastal States have sovereign rights in a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) with respect to natural resources whether living or non-living and certain economic activities, and exercise jurisdiction over marine scientific research and environmental protection; Key features

11. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 11 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea The limits of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of islands are determined in accordance with rules applicable to land territory, but rocks which could not sustain human habitation or economic life of their own would have no economic zone or continental shelf; Key features

12. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 12

13. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 13 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Baselines Key of the Keys Art. 5 - …is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State. hydrography n. cartography low-water large-scale charts officially regognized authority

14. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 14 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Continental Shelf Key of the Keys foot of slope Art. 76......(4a i ii) 60 nautical miles from the foot of slope...... 2500 isobath (5) not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2500 isobath Hydrography, geology and cartography

15. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 15 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Baselines Territorial Sea 2500 isobath Key of the Keys

16. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 16 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Baselines Territorial Sea Key of the Keys

17. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 17 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

18. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 18 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case -Bilateral agreement with France and Uruguay -Outer limit under examination by the CLCS (UN)

19. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 19 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case Agreement with France

20. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 20 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case Agreement with France

21. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 21 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case Agreement with Uruguay

22. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 22 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case Agreement with Uruguay

23. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 23 The Brazilian case Maritime Delimitation Outer limit EEZ

24. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 24 The Brazilian case Maritime Delimitation Bathymetric and seismic surveys Besides the outer limit definition the State also increases its scientific knowledge

25. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 25 Maritime Delimitation The Brazilian case Resources -Legal -Organizational -Human -Technological -Material State and / or agreement

26. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 26 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

27. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 27 Maritime Delimitation Supporting relationship  National and international Agreements  IHO  MACHC

28. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 28 Summary Maritime Delimitation  Introduction  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea  The Brazilian case  Supporting relationship  Conclusion

29. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 29 Maritime Delimitation Conclusion – The international community established, by the Convention, a pacific, consensus, and reasonable way, to solve disputes and to guarantee rights, in maritime subjects.

30. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 30 Maritime Delimitation Conclusion -Each State is encouraged to make it’s pronouncement based on the established UNCLOS parameters

31. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 31 Maritime Delimitation Conclusion -It’s necessary a huge effort to guarantee the rights. This effort should be proportional:  to the kind of interest  to the available resources  to the existing resources

32. DHN - IHO SCNHC/2006 32 Maritime Delimitation Comments and Questions ?!