1. Brazilian SAMBA By: Charlotte Kaihau Megan Walker Claudia Yazzie

2. Samba History: – Refugee slaves from Africa- moved to Rio de Janiero and danced the Samba. – Candomble- religion from Africa. – Orixa’s- gods of specific elements or seasons. – Used to invoke spirits or talk to the dead. – Samba music can be found in Angola, Africa – The music was brought to Brazil with the slave trading in the interval 1600-1888. – First performed in the slum cities of Brazil where poor people lived. – Today, all people of the Brazilian culture participate in samba as a part of Carnival. – Performers are mainly from schools, although they are mostly women in risqué costumes.

3. General Information Samba comes from semba a Western African Bantu word that was carried to Brazil by the slaves that means to pray and call upon the spirits of the Gods and ancestors of the people. Became the word used by the slaves to describe their religious ceremonies where they’d try to invoke spirits from beyond or gods. Through the years these movements began to change into the Samba that the nation displays today.

4. Samba Costumes: – traditionally wore regular everyday clothing – eventually strip off everyday clothes and adorn the costume of the appropriate orixa. – If it were a male orixa in a female then she’d where the pants of the costume. – If it were a female orixa in a male then he’d keep his pants, but where the very wide dress, collars, bracelets, and ribbons. – Otherwise the female would wear it if possessed by a female orixa and the male would wear the traditional vest or short coat, pants and hats or crowns of a male orixa. – In modern times the traditional costumes still exist, but there is also more popularly the bikini of the Carnival samba dancers.

5. Samba Where it is performed: – Indoor or outdoors – in a hall – in a backyard – the streets especially these days as in Carnival. Movements are very fast and high energy in a Carnival and a dancer needs to stand out. Music: – Ranging from intimate samba-cancões (samba songs) sung in bars to loud explosive drum parades performed during carnival. – Drums are the instrument of choice in Samba including an array of different sized drums. – Chanting is involved in the traditional as well as chanting and or singing in the modern day version, but to a lesser degree.

6. Dance Space Rhythm: 4/4 time syncopated rapid steps on a quarter beat Three-step weight changes with a slight knee lift – Voltas – Bota Fogos – Kick Change – Samba Side Steps – Samba Strut Group Dance: done in circles with a soloist or in double lines with happy, flirtatious and exuberant face Clothing: Elaborate costumes Music: Samba music has a tempo of about 100 beats per minute (50 measures per minute) Instruments: – Tamborim – Chocalho – Reco-reco – Cabaca

7. Celebration- Carnival Samba schools have been recognized since 1935 as official Carnival organizations Included in the annual Carnival in Rio de Janeiro held on January 6, the Day of Kings Samba schools work year round to prepare for carnival – making costumes – designing and building floats – preparing and rehearsing their songs and dances All members of their society are encouraged to join in Express ethnic pride and better relationships between racial and religious groups in the society Samba has become a tradition in Carnival celebration every year http://www.carnivalservice.com/rio-carnival-videos.php

8. What has been lost? Nothing has been lost Samba has actually opened more doors and influenced other forms in different cultures – International success of "Aquarela do Brasil," by Ary Barroso, followed with Carmen Miranda (supported by Getúlio Vargas government and the US Good Neighbor policy) which led to the samba United States – Success in Europe and Japan – Samba schools in Europe Germany Belgium Netherlands France Sweden Switzerland – In Japan records invest heavily in the launch of former Sambistas set of discs eventually created a market comprised solely of catalogs of Japanese record labels Other ways it has influenced other cultures – Rhythm and bar set musically – Culture of food – Dances varied Miudinho Coco samba de roda Pernada – Parties – Clothes shoe nozzle fine linen shirt – NAIF painting Nelson Sargento Guilherme de Brito Heitor dos Prazeres Anonymous artists community that makes the clothes, costumes, carnival floats and cars opens the wings of schools of samba – Painters – Sculptors – Designers – Stylists

9. Samba in the US Oppressed or privileged in the US? – Brazilians have not been specifically oppressed, but as a subculture they have kept to themselves, more so in the past, than the present. – Free to express movement, dance and music traditions in this country – It is now one of the 5 Latin dances used in competitions Introduced to US in Broadway play called “Street Carnival” in the late twenties. Then in 1933-Movie “Flying Down to Rio”- Danced by Fred Astaire and Dolores Del Rio

10. Ways this group have contributed to American culture as we know it Brazilian Samba has not contributed directly to American culture. Influences started around 1930 and 1940 Ballroom Latin dance One style is called Bossa Nova – Gained popularity worldwide through the work of Joao Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim Arrived in the US – Albums of Gilberto working with American jazz saxophonist Stan Getz. Influenced American orchestras in vogue since the Second World War: cultural impact of US music post-war Use of instruments Trombones Trumpets Choro Flute Clarinet

11. Discrimination, stereotypes, bigotry, or legislation that has suppressed this group Brazilians that are in the USA may have had to deal with some discrimination, but they have been free to express their movement, dance and music traditions in this country. This group has not been specifically discriminated against, stereotyped, or had any legislation suppressing it, nor has it been given any privileges. Once kept their traditional dancing private More interesting is the oppression they’ve had to experience in their own country. – Invaded by Portuguese and most of them turned into slaves. – Napoleon gets closer to invading their king up and runs off leaving his son and heir in charge. – The country was run by two dictators. – Their nation was run by the military soon after. – In a way it’s similar to the Asante tribe with their large celebrations of achievements and both forms hold roots in African traditions.

12. Evolution of their dance and cultural celebrations in this country Allowed to show others their dance, the Samba, and the ballroom dance community has adopted their dance. It has continued to evolve and their culture is allowed to celebrate and others are invited to watch or join.

13. They all try to work together Cultural traditions are important Every racial and religious group asked to join and work towards better relationships within their community Similarities: – we try to let everyone do their own thing – express ourselves any way they want as long as we abide by governing regulations Commonalities: – We share a joy in dancing or watching the Samba Many dance shows on television, like Dancing with the Stars, that society enjoys watching many different styles of dance, which have included the Samba Samba is considered a moderately popular ballroom dance and is one of the 5 used in the Latin competitions Conclusion

14. Bibliography Alan Germani Web Solutions. (1999-2007). Samba dance music ~ information and examples. Retrieved from http://www.thedancestoreonline.com/ballroom-dance- instruction/samba- music.htmlhttp://www.thedancestoreonline.com/ballroom-dance- instruction/samba- music.html Bedinghaus, Treva (2010). Samba. About.com/Dance. Retrieved from http://Dance.about.com/od/partnerdanestyles/qt/Samba.html/http://Dance.about.com/od/partnerdanestyles/qt/Samba.html/ Brazil Travel Information (2010) Music of Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.braziltravelinformation.com/brazil_culture_music.htmlhttp://www.braziltravelinformation.com/brazil_culture_music.html Dixon, Judith. (2010) Brazilian Culture Through Music. Retrieved from http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/5/00.05.03.x.htmlhttp://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/5/00.05.03.x.html Geographia (1998-2006) BRAZIL History. Retrieved from http://www.geographia.com/Brazil/brazihistory.htmlhttp://www.geographia.com/Brazil/brazihistory.html Jonas, Gerald (1992). Dancing: The Pleasure, Power, and Art of Movement. New York, HNA: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Kellen & Bogie, Ron & Rebecca (2010). The History of Samba. Dance Lovers: Teaching the World to Dance for Over 25 Years. Retrieved from http://www.dancelovers.com/samba_history.html/http://www.dancelovers.com/samba_history.html/ Kwintessentia. Dance & Music in Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/country/brazil/music-dance.htmlhttp://www.kwintessential.co.uk/country/brazil/music-dance.html Library of Congress (2009). Culture : Brazil. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/brazil/resources/brazil-culture.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/brazil/resources/brazil-culture.html LoveToKnow Corp (2008) Samba Dancers Costumes. Retrieved from http://costumes.lovetoknow.com/Samba_Dancers_Costumeshttp://costumes.lovetoknow.com/Samba_Dancers_Costumes Nkowane, Chilemwa Harriet. (2004) Samba Brasileiro – A history. Retrieved from www.worldmusiccentral.orgwww.worldmusiccentral.org Samba. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/520397/sambahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/520397/samba Sedberg, Frode (2010). Samba History enters Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with roots to Africa from Slavery! Samba City. Retrieved from http://www.sambacity.info/samba- schools.htmlhttp://www.sambacity.info/samba- schools.html Sedberg, Frode (2010). Origin of Samba Music Retrieved from http://www.sambacity.infowww.sambacity.info Witt, Jessica & Tony (2010). Brazilian Samba. Retrieved from www.amoredance.com/Dancehist.htmlwww.amoredance.com/Dancehist.html Images: Retrieved from www.google.com

15. Photos Bibliography Afro-Brazilian Arts: Capoeira Batuque in Santa Barbara (Photo of painting) 2009. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://ucsbglobalvoices.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/rugendasroda.jpg http://ucsbglobalvoices.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/rugendasroda.jpg Amado, Andrea & Michelle Cavalcante (2005-2009) Carnival Service. (Video) Retrieved 4/27/2010 from http://www.carnivalservice.com/rio-carnival-videos.php http://www.carnivalservice.com/rio-carnival-videos.php Ballroom Dance Classes at The Grand Ballroom (Photo) 2010. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://www.grandballroom.com/downloads/Photos/GB%20group%20class%203.jpg http://www.grandballroom.com/downloads/Photos/GB%20group%20class%203.jpg Carnival Samba (Photo). Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://msnbcmedia1.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/090223-carnival-samba- hmed2p.hmedium.jpg http://msnbcmedia1.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/090223-carnival-samba- hmed2p.hmedium.jpg dancejam.com (photo) 2010. Retrieved 4/27/2010 from http://pad.dancejam.com/v/105/458/496/original_1054584960.jpg Samba meets Sushi (photo) 2008. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://img477.imageshack.us/i/p1012232nt3.jpg/http://pad.dancejam.com/v/105/458/496/original_1054584960.jpghttp://img477.imageshack.us/i/p1012232nt3.jpg/ Dream Brasil. (Photo) 2009. Retrieved 4/27/2010 from http://www.dreambrasil.com.br/vacation- packages/brazil/fotos/salvador_orixas1.jpghttp://www.dreambrasil.com.br/vacation- packages/brazil/fotos/salvador_orixas1.jpg Flying Down to Rio, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Dolores Del Rio, 1933 (Photo of Movie Poster) 2010. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://imagecache6.allposters.com/LRG/37/3724/56OAF00Z.jpg Flying Down to Rio, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Dolores Del Rio, 1933http://imagecache6.allposters.com/LRG/37/3724/56OAF00Z.jpg Latin dance costume "Paso Samba" (Photo) 2010. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://www.ad-couture.com/images/Victory- 1.jpghttp://www.ad-couture.com/images/Victory- 1.jpg Longcor, Michelle. myspace. Retrieved 4/27/2010 from http://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c256/namegu7/samba.jpghttp://i29.photobucket.com/albums/c256/namegu7/samba.jpg More Samba Ladies(Photo) 2010. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo- s/00/10/a8/c7/more-samba-ladies.jpghttp://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo- s/00/10/a8/c7/more-samba-ladies.jpg Noites de Choro e Jazz no SESC Av. Paulista! (Photo) 2010. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://stoccontando.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/_historia-do-choro.jpg http://stoccontando.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/_historia-do-choro.jpg Samba Dancers (Photo) 2004. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041129/biz1.jpghttp://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041129/biz1.jpg Samba Schools glory in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ! (Photo) 2005. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://www.sambacity.info/samba- schools.htmlhttp://www.sambacity.info/samba- schools.html Samba School Large (Photo) 2008. Retrieved 4/23/2010 from http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2008/etech_1208/pic_world/samba_school_large.jpg http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2008/etech_1208/pic_world/samba_school_large.jpg