1. Turbine Engine 101

2. Topics History of turbine engine design. Types of turbine engines.
Common turbine engine models found on today's private and corporate aircraft.
Turbine engine malfunction recognition.

3. History Of The Turbine Engine
Long before humans appeared on the earth, nature had given some creatures of the sea the ability to jet propel themselves through the water.
Examples:
Squid
Cuttlefish

4. History Of The Turbine Engine
There have been many examples of the utilization of the reaction principle during the early periods of recorded history, but because a suitable level of technical achievement in the areas of engineering, manufacture and metallurgy had not been reached, there was a gap of 2000 years before practical application of the principal.

5. Examples Of Early Turbine Engine Development
Hero Egyptian Scientist
100 B.C. “Aeolipile”
Mongols
1232 A.D. “Rockets”
Leonardo Da Vinci
1500 A.D “Chimney Jack”
Giovanni Branca
1629 A.D. “Stamping Mill”

6. Examples Of Early Turbine Engine Development
Sir Isaac Newton
1687 A.D. “Steam Wagon”
John Barber
1791 A.D. “Patent Design”

7. Between 1791 and 1930 A.D.
During this period many people supplied ideas which laid the foundation for the modern Gas Turbine Engine.

8. Between 1930 and 1950 A.D. In Britain In Germany In Italy
Sir Frank Whittle
In Germany
Hans von Ohain
Max Hahn
In Italy
Secundo Campini

9. Examples Of Early Turbine Engine Development
In America
General Electric Corporation
Detroit Diesel Allision
Garrett AiResearch
Boeing
Teledyne CAE
Avco Lycoming

10. Examples Of Early Turbine Engine Development
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft
Pratt & Whitney Canada
Solar
Wright
Of these company some no longer produce turbine engine and some have had name changes.

11. “ The Aeolipile”

12. “Newton’s Steam Wagon”

13. First Turbine Powered Flight
The earliest date considered of modern jet propulsion is:
August 27, 1939

14. First Turbine Powered Flight
It was accomplished by Erich Wahrsitz of the Heinkel Aircraft Company, in a HE178 powered by a Heinkel HeS-3b developing 1100 lbs. of thrust and a top speed over 400 MPH.

15. First Turbine Powered Flight
Subsequent German development produced the:
ME262
with a top speed of 500 MPH.

16. “German ME262”

17. Types Of Turbine Engines
The Gas Turbine Engine is classified according to the type of compressor used.
Compressors fall into three categories:
Centrifugal Flow
Axial Flow
Centrifugal-axial Flow

18. Centrifugal Compressor Engines
The principal advantages are:
Light Weight
Ruggedness, resistant to FOD
Simplicity
Low Cost
High compressor ratio (per stage)

19. Centrifugal Compressor Engines

20. Axial Flow Compressor The principal advantage are:
Ability to handle large volumes of airflow at pressure ratios of 20:1 or greater.

21. Axial Flow Compressor

22. Centrifugal-axial Flow Compressor
The principal advantages are:
As a group these engines exhibit the greatest variability and design innovation.
Various permutations and combinations of compressor design can be used, (i.e. number of spools, etc.)

23. Types Of Turbine Engines
Power usage fall into four categories:
Turbojet Engines
Turbofan Engines
Turboprop Engines
Turboshaft Engines

24. Turbojet Engine
In relation to power usage, the turbojet engine directly uses the reaction resulting from a stream of high energy gas from the rear of the engine at a higher velocity than it had entering the front of the engine.

25. Turbojet Engine The principal characteristics are:
Low thrust at low forward speeds
Relatively high fuel consumption at low altitudes and airspeeds. This decreases as altitude and airspeed increase.
Long takeoff roll
Small inlet frontal area

26. Turbojet Engine

27. Turbofan Engine
The turbofan engine also uses the reaction principle, but the gases exiting from the rear of this engine have a lower energy level, since some of the power has to be extracted to drive the fan.

28. Turbofan Engine The principal characteristics are:
Increased thrust at low forward speeds
Fuel consumption between a turboprop and turbojet
Increased operating economy and range over a turbojet
Considerable noise level reduction of 10 to 20 % over turbojets

29. Turbofan Engine

30. Turboprop / Turboshaft Engine
Turboprop and turboshaft engines both convert the majority of the kinetic (energy of motion), static (energy of pressure) and temperature energies of the gas into torque to drive the propeller in one case or the shaft in the other. Very little thrust from reaction is produced by the exiting gas stream.

31. Turboprop / Turboshaft Engine
The principal characteristics are:
High propulsive efficiency at low airspeeds
Short takeoff rolls
Low fuel consumption
Reverse thrust available

32. Turboprop / Turboshaft Engine

33. Common Turbine Engines Today
Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A
Raytheon King Air
Cessna Conquest
Cessna Caravan
Piper Meridian
Piper Cheyenne

34. Pratt & Whitney PT6A
The PT6A is a free turbine engine with a three stage axial and a single stage centrifugal compressor. It has a single stage compressor turbine and a counter rotating power turbine driving the prop shaft through a reduction gearbox.

35. Pratt & Whitney PT6A
Left Hand View

36. Pratt & Whitney PT6A
Right Hand View

37. Pratt & Whitney PT6A Compressor Turbine

38. Pratt & Whitney PT6A Compressor Turbine
Made of nickel alloy
Maximum speed rotor turns at 39,000 RPM.
Each blade is pulling on the disk with approximately one ton (2,000 lbs.) of force

39. Pratt & Whitney PT6A Power Turbine

40. Pratt & Whitney PT6A Power Turbine
Made of a nickel alloy
Maximum speed rotors turn at is between 29,930 and 33,278 RPM depending on dash number of engine.

41. Common Turbine Engines Today
Pratt & Whitney JT15D
Cessna Citation (500,550,S550 & 560)
Raytheon Beechjet 400
Mitsubishi MU 300 Diamond

42. Pratt & Whitney JT15D
The JT15D is a lightweight turbofan engine that has one low pressure and one high pressure compressor rotor. A two stage low pressure turbine drives the low pressure axial compressor (fan). A single stage high pressure turbine drives the high pressure centrifugal compressor.

43. Pratt & Whitney JT15D

44. Pratt & Whitney JT15D Low Pressure Compressor

45. Pratt & Whitney JT15D High Pressure Compressor

46. Pratt & Whitney JT15D High Turbine
There are 71 blades are made from a nickel based alloy.
Disk is made from a nickel alloy steel.
Maximum rotor speed is 31,777 RPM.

47. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

48. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

49. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

50. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

51. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

52. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition

53. Turbine Engine Malfunction Recognition