1. KAREN HORNEY 1885-1952 Pioneer in Feminine Psychology

2. NEO-FREUDIAN (as Adler was also) Criticized Freud’s concept of penis envy Womb envy Debunked Freud’s concept of oedipal complex

3. PERSONALITY THEORY Holistic, humanistic perspective Emphasized cultural & social influences, human growth and self-actualization Theory of neurotic needs

4. NEUROSIS An attempt to make life bearable An interpersonal controlling & coping technique Caused by parental indifference Child’s perception rather than parent’s intention Ten patterns of neurotic needs

5. 10 NEUROTIC NEEDS 1.affection & approval 2.for a partner 3.to restrict one’s life into narrow borders 4.power & control over others 5.to exploit others 6. social recognition & prestige 7. personal admiration 8. personal achievement 9. self-sufficiency & independence 10. perfection

6. THREE COPING STRATEGIES COMPLIANCE – needs 1 - 3 AGGRESSION - needs 4 - 8 WITHDRAWAL - needs 9 - 10

7. FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY wrote 14 papers between 1922 & 1937 compiled in a volume entitled “Feminine Psychology culture & society encourage women to be dependent on men encouraged women in self-analysis wrote one of the first self-help books