1. Assessing impacts of competition – experience from ODI research Karen Ellis Head of Private Sector & Markets Programme, ODI

2. Project assessing economic impact of competition and related policy Policy context & market environment Degree of competition Market outcomes

3. Countries and markets analysed Countries: Bangladesh Vietnam Ghana Kenya Zambia Markets: Sugar Cement Mobile phones Beer

4. The sugar market

5. Comparing efficiency Average sugar production (tonnes produced per hectare of sugar grown)

6. Sugar Retail Price (USD)/kg at PPP rates (2007 figures)

7. Cement market structure

8. Retail Cement Price Per 50kg Bag (in US$), 2007/8 figures

9. Cement: percentage change in price between 2007 and 2010

10. Mobile telecoms benefits

11. Mobiles market Average per minute mobile tariff (2007 figures in USD)

12. Zambia´s International Gateway Problem Only one international gateway exchange operated by monopoly State charged v. high price for international gateway licence $18 million, compared to $214,000 in Kenya & $50,000 in Uganda Drove up prices and distorted whole mobiles market, increasing the costs of doing business in the country.

13. Peak rate 1 minute call to the USA in 2007

14. Average per minute mobile tariff (2007 figures in USD)

15. Director for Mergers and Monopolies at the Zambian Competition Commission: ‘Many times it becomes very difficult to actually show the benefits. Of course, a report like this makes it much easier to advocate to the government. With our persistence, we kept going to the government and highlighting the benefits of competition, showing them the statistics as such a report has done. And eventually we have gotten through to the government. And the fee for the international gateway has fallen...’

16. The Impact June 2010, Govt reduced license fee to $350,000 Licences awarded to the 2 private operators Within 1 month, both private operators reduced international tariffs by 40- 80% “I think it’s a huge benefit to the Zambian consumers and also to the business community.” (Director of Regulation, ZICTA)

17. Thank you k.ellis@odi.org.uk