1. Lecture Overview Moral Development (Kohlberg) Are infants moral? Erikson’s stages of Development ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

2. Moral Development Kohlberg developed a model of moral development (right & wrong) based on responses to moral dilemmas. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

3. Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Three Levels & Six Stages PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 1:punishment-obedience orientation Stage 2: instrumental-exchange orientation CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 3: good child orientation Stage 4: law-&-order orientation POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 5: social-contract orientation Stage 6: universal ethics orientation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

5. Piaget: -- Pre-operational children think the outcome determines right and wrong. -- An older child (concrete operations— around 10) recognizes that the difference between right and wrong is not an absolute but instead must take into account changing variables such as context, motivation, abilities, and intentions. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

6. Professor Bloom devised a 'one-act morality play', in which a toy dog tries to open a box. The dog is joined by a teddy bear who helps him lift the lid, and then a teddy who stubbornly sits on the box. Five-month-old babies, when asked to choose, preferred the good guy - the one who helped to open the box; the one who rolled the ball back - to the bad guy. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

7. Personality Development: Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages Erik Erikson identified 8 psychosocial stages of development—each marked by a “psychosocial” crisis or conflict related to a specific developmental task. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

9. Personality Development: Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages 1-4 ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

10. Four of Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-3 years) Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

11. Important terms for brain development ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Neurogenesis: process by which new neurons are generated Stem Cells: immature (uncommitted) cells with the potential to develop into almost any type of cell Neuroplasticity: brain’s lifelong ability to reorganize & change its structure & function throughout the life span