1. 14/05/2015 1 Youth drinking in the light of quantitative and qualitative data Kirsimarja Raitasalo & Jenni Simonen

2. One phenomenon, many sources of information Study of young people's abstinence and drinking to intoxication by combining quantitative and qualitative data Quantitative data: European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs ( Espad), Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey (AHLS), School Health Promotion Study (SHPS), Finnish Drinking Habit Survey Qualitative data: personal and group interviews of young people aged 18-24 and written material from high school and college students

3. Youth drinking: Quantitative data Espad (the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs): –target group: school children who will turn 16 at the year of the data collection –every fourth year since 1995 School Health Promotion Study –target group: 8th - and 9th graders of the comprehensive school and 1st and 2nd graders of high school (here we look only at 9th graders (15-16 years olds)) –every other year on the other half of Finnish municipalities and every other year on the other half since 1995 The Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey –target group: 12, 14, 16 and 18 years olds. Postal survey since 1977 every other year – nationally representative samples Finnish Drinking Habit Survey –target group: 15-69 old Finns (here we look at 19-25 years olds) –every eighth year since 1968

4. Drinking to intoxication at least once a month (%) in different data sets (boys and girls 16 y.)

5. Proportion of 16 - and 18- years old boys and girls (AHLS) and 19–25 years old men and women (FDHS) who drink to intoxication at least once a month (%) in 1984–2009.

6. Young women's talk of intoxication: qualitative data Comparison of qualitative interview data collected in 1985 and 2005/2007 concerning young people's drinking 1985 data: personal interviews (13 men and 13 women aged 18 to 24) 2005 data: 7 group interviews of young people aged 17 to 23 2007 data: 4 group interviews of young people aged 18 to 24

7. Young women's talk of intoxication in the 1980's (I) In the 1985 data young women separated themselves from intoxication in answering to questions about a successful drinking occasion: Well, when one does not get drunk but it is fun, anyway. (1985, W, 21 y.) That one has not become drunk yet, it is too much when you are drunk. (1985, W, 21 y.) For me the most important thing is that no one gets drunk (…) (1985, W, 21 y.)

8. Young women's talk of intoxication in the 1980's (II) Fear and shame of loss of control are related to intoxication : [An unsuccessful drinking occasion is] that one has really drunk too much. Afterwards one has the feeling of loss of control. (1985, W, 21 y.) It is like that one has drunk too much and is not able to handle or like it is said, to control oneself. (1985, W, 21 y.)

9. Young women's talk of intoxication in the 2000's (I) Control is no more emphasized, girls strongly identify themselves with the intoxication talk: Satu: I never can, or maybe I could but (…) I never want to drink only one cider, I drink when I drink during the weekend in a big way, I don't want to drink like at Wednesday I would drink one cider, that never happens. Mervi: When we drink we do it in a big way. Satu: Yes. Exactly. (2005, group interview, 18-23 y.)

10. Young women's talk of intoxication in the 2000's (II) Drinking is no more described as temperate and controlled, but as getting free from everyday discipline: Alisa: (…) Once I drunk so that I was boozed like Bridget Jones, can you imagine? I was so drunk and made coctails for myself, I had a Martini glass and I drank beer from it. Yeah, I sang and danced. (2007, Int. 3, W, 18-24 y.) Talking about loss of bodily control is completely different from that in the 1985 data, when young women emphasized strong self-control and mastery Saara: At home parties it is really fun to be completely boozed up when you don't have to go anywhere and then you can vomit and pass out in the toilet. Lissu: And no bouncer comes and chucks you out from the toilet (…) (2005, Int, 4, W, 18-23 y.)

11. Changes in drinking to intoxication of youth and young adults Starting age of both drinking and drinking to intoxication have increased –> relationship to increased abstinence and decreased drinking to intoxication among adolescents? Drinking to intoxication among under aged has decreased but that of young adults, especially young women's, has increased The meaning of intoxication among young women has changed: in the 1980's intoxication was associated with loss of face, shame and fear of loss of self-control whereas in the 2000's it is associated with indulgence, pleasure and having fun

12. Abstinence in different data sets (boys and girls 16 y.)

13. Proportion of 16 - and 18 years old boys and girls (AHLS) and 19–25 years old men and women (FDHS) who are abstainers (%) in 1976-2009

14. Youth abstinence in qualitative data How does abstinence look like in the light of qualitative data? How do young people themselves rationalize their abstinence? Data consists of written material from high school and college students collected in 2008-2009, N=80 (abstinent 41, drink only a little 39)

15. Arguments by abstainers and those who drink only a little ArgumentsAbstainersDrink a little Related to values: stupid to drink, pleasure without alcohol 20 16 Related to fear of losing face / self-control: shame of losing control 413 Social: experiences of problems among family settings, childhood experiences 95 Societal: abstinent friends, boy- / girlfriend77 Conscientious: religion, attitudes at home63 Earlier excessive drinking-6 Related to time: hobbies take time from drinking3- Not meaningful: no arguments-5 Others (risks and health hazards, ethnic, minority)53

16. Young adults's abstinence in the light of qualitative data Arguments for abstinence are similar in the group interview data of 18-24 years olds collected in 2007 than in the written material. Drinking and especially drinking to intoxication are related to false togetherness, stupid action and inability to control oneself Especially highly educated young people in the 2007 group interview data distance themselves from drinking

17. Change in adolescents' and young adults' abstinence Abstinence among minors has increased from the mid 1990‘s to nowadays whereas there is no change among majors In qualitative data most arguments among 16-18 years olds are related to valuing of having fun without alcohol and wish to emphasize self-control Arguments of young adults are parallel but self-control is even more emphasized  Attitudes toward drinking and abstinence seem to be related to valuing of norms and actions

18. Conclusions The decreasing trend of under-aged drinking does not necessarily predict decreasing alcohol use among future young adults The meaning of intoxication has changed among girls: in the 2000’s drinking to intoxication is seen as an essential part of having fun among both genders The changes of youth drinking are related to changes in values rather than changes in leisure time, easiness of getting alcohol or parental control A cultural change in the Finnish drinking habits: especially women also in the youngest age groups drink more and more often to intoxication than earlier 14/05/2015 Presentation name / Author18