1. Modes of Nutrition

2. Nutrition Processes by which organisms obtain and use the nutrients required for maintaining life

3. Modes of nutrition Ways of obtaining and using nutrients Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition Holozoic nutrition Saprophytic nutrition Parasitic nutrition

4. Autotrophic nutrition Organisms make their own food (complex organic substances) using simple inorganic substances Autotrophs e.g. Green plants by photosynthesis

5. Heterotrophic nutrition Organisms which depend on other organisms or dead organic matters as their food sources Heterotrophs Cannot make their own food and obtain their food in organic form

6. Holozoic nutrition Organisms take in solid organic food from other organisms heterotrophs Food needs to be broken down into small molecules before they can be used by the organisms

7. Types of animals taking holozoic nutrition Herbivores Feed on plants only Carnivores Feed on animals only Omnivores Feed on both plants and animals

8. Saprophytic nutrition (Saprophytism) Organisms feed on dead organisms or non-living organic matter Saprophytes (e.g. fungi, bacteria)

9. How a saprophyte obtains its nutrients? Example : Mucor (bread mould) Rhizoids release enzyme into the breadEnzymes digest complex organic molecules in bread into simple, soluble molecules Digested products are absorbed by the rhizoids

10. Importance of saprophytes As decomposers Allow essential materials (e.g. C, N) to be recycled in the ecosystem

11. Parasitic nutrition (Parasitism) Organisms (parasite) obtain organic compounds from another living organism of a different species (host) Parasite is benefited Host is harmed

12. How a tapeworm obtains its nutrient? Live inside the small intestine of human Food in small intestine is already digested  Can be absorbed directly through the body wall of tapeworm by diffusion

13. Structural adaptations of tapeworm Head bears hooks and suckers To attach itself to the intestine wall of the host  Prevent being egested by peristalsis of intestine

14. Structural adaptations of tapeworm Long, flattened body To increase the surface area for more absorption of digested food by diffusion Thin body wall To shorten the distance for faster diffusion

15. Structural adaptations of tapeworm Body covered by cuticle To protect itself from attack of digestive enzymes from the host No mouth, digestive system No needed Hermaphrodite (bisexual) Need not find a mate for reproduction

16. Filter feeder Bivalves

17. Clam structures

18. Scallops structures

19. Carol

20. Rock feeder and filter feeder

21. Sand feeder

22. Insect and snail

24. Mosquito head

25. Mouth

26. Drilling

27. Filling up

28. Getting out

29. mararia