1. The Clash Over Germany and Italy Chapter 13 Section V

2. The Holy Roman Empire After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor Multiple rulers in Italy Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily After death of Charlemagne - Italy in state of disorder Descendents inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor Multiple rulers in Italy Pope - Papal States Byzantines - ruled parts Arabs - ruled Sicily

3. Otto I (the Great) Elected king of Germany (936) Desired strong central kingdom like Capetians in France Also wanted Italy 951 - seized territory in N. Italy Pope begs him for help dealing with nobles Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 Controls Northern Italy Elected king of Germany (936) Desired strong central kingdom like Capetians in France Also wanted Italy 951 - seized territory in N. Italy Pope begs him for help dealing with nobles Otto agrees, and is crowned Emperor of the Romans in 962 Controls Northern Italy

4. Henry III Emperor from 1046-1056 Expected church to actively support him and the empire 3 men claimed the papacy during his reign He removed them and chose the next 3 popes himself Emperor from 1046-1056 Expected church to actively support him and the empire 3 men claimed the papacy during his reign He removed them and chose the next 3 popes himself

5. Henry IV 5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power Church sought to regain lost power Clashes with Pope Gregory VII Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishops Gregory --> NO Henry --> YES Gregory has Henry excommunicated 5 years old - chance for nobles to regain independence and feudal power Church sought to regain lost power Clashes with Pope Gregory VII Conflict over lay investiture = an imperial rulers right to appoint bishops Gregory --> NO Henry --> YES Gregory has Henry excommunicated

6. Pope vs. King 1077 --> Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked 1122 - Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States 1077 --> Henry travels to meet the pope and beg for mercy = gets excommunication revoked 1122 - Concordat of Worms Limits imperial power over church Only Pope can name Bishops Does NOT end conflict between rulers and popes Interference in Italy threatens Papal States

7. Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I) Ruled Germany from 1152-1190 Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy) Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176 Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves Ruled Germany from 1152-1190 Wanted to control Lombardy (N. Italy) Merchant cities Milan resisted, so he destroyed the city Cities united as the Lombard League Defeated Frederick in 1176 Peace treaty Frederick = overlord Cities could govern themselves

8. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) Strongest medieval pope Believed emperors/kings were no more than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual matters Used excommunication and interdict freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings Strongest medieval pope Believed emperors/kings were no more than servants of the church He could settle all political AND spiritual matters Used excommunication and interdict freely King John and England - interdict Philip Augustus - interdict Overthrew 2 German kings

9. Failed Unification Italy and Germany never united Frederick II tried to bring both countries together under his rule = FAIL Italy divided into 3 regions N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily Italy and Germany never united Frederick II tried to bring both countries together under his rule = FAIL Italy divided into 3 regions N. Italy - Lombard cities Central Italy (Papal States) - Pope S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily