1. Archival Diasporas: Understanding Dispersed Photographic Collections Ricky Punzalan Assistant Professor University of Maryland College of Information Studies punzalan@umd.edu | www.rpunzalan.com SAA Research Forum New Orleans August 13, 2013

2. The Problem of Dispersed Collections  Acknowledging complementary collections in finding aids  Enlarging our notions of provenance, ownership, and custody  Exploring the role of technical standards and tools in reconnecting and linking collections Bastian (2001/2006), Nesmith (2006), Wurl (2005), Hurley (2005), Pitti (1997)

3. “Standards such as Encoded Archival Description now offer the potential of virtually reuniting fragmented collections and relating distributed collections through the on-line linking of finding aids.” Jeanette Allis Bastian, “A Question of Custody: The Colonial Archives of the United States Virgin Islands,” American Archivist 64 (Spring/Summer 2001): p. 114.

4.  “Allowing dispersed collections to be brought together” (Deegan and Tanner, 2002)  A collaborative endeavor  Harnesses the affordances of the digital Unsworth (2006), Austenfeld (2010), Lynch (2009), Deegan and Tanner (2002), and Shenton (2010) Virtual Reunification

5. Methodology A Case Study of Worcester’s Dispersed Ethnographic Images A Suitable candidate for reunification  In 10 LAM institutions  Research demand  Efforts to consolidate since the 70’s  In various stages of digitization  Funding availability

6. 1887-1888Visited the Philippines as a student 1890-1893 Led a zoological expedition of the Islands 1899-1901 Appointed to the Philippine Commission 1901-1913Appointed Secretary of the Interior of the Insular Government Several publications on Philippine Indigenous Groups 1898 The Philippine Islands and their People Notes on Some Primitive Philippine Tribes, National Geographic 1906The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon, Philippine Journal of Science 1911Field Sports Among the Wild Men of Northern Luzon, National Geographic 1912Head-Hunters of Northern Luzon, National Geographic 1913The Non-Christian Peoples of the Philippine Islands, National Geographic 1914The Philippines Past and Present Dean C. Worcester, 1866-1924

8. NATURAL HISTORY American Museum of Natural HistoryPrivate Field Museum of Natural HistoryPrivate ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Peabody Museum of Archaeology and EthnologyUniversity (Private) Rautenstrauch-Joest MuseumPublic U. Michigan Museum of AnthropologyUniversity (Public) U. Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and AnthropologyUniversity (Private) ARCHIVES National Anthropological ArchivesPublic U. Michigan Bentley Historical LibraryUniversity (Public) SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Newberry LibraryPrivate U. Michigan Special Collections LibraryUniversity (Public) Research Sites

9. Accession records Worcester photographs & indexes Worcester papers and manuscripts Published materials on Worcester and his photographs Site Visits and Archival Research (Jul 2010 – May 2012) 10 Institutions  9 on-site / 1 off-site  Chicago, New York, Boston, Ann Arbor, & D.C. 25 respondents  Heritage workers (19)  Researchers (2)  Funding admins. (4) Semi-Structured Interviews (Nov 2011 – June 2012) Data Gathering Interview transcripts Field notes Memos

10. Interview Participants (n=25) Stakeholder GroupJob Description No. of Participants Heritage Professionals and Administrators from Owning Institutions (n=19) Archivists10 Curators6 Collections Managers2 Librarian1 Funding Agency Representatives (n=4) Executive Director1 Program Officers3 Researchers (n=2) Professor1 Exhibit Intern1

11. Dimensions of Dispersion

12. Dispersion – Geographic 1-3 Ann Arbor, MI (UM: Bentley/Special Collections/UMMA) 4-5 Chicago, IL (Field Museum/Newberry) 6 Suitland, MD (NAA) 7 Philadelphia, PA (UPenn Museum) 8 New York, NY (AMNH) 9 Cambridge, MA (Peabody Museum) 10 Cologne, Germany (R-Joest Museum)

13. Dispersion – Provenancial

14. Dispersion – Temporal

15. Dispersion - Material

16. Conclusions  What does it mean to assemble the ‘whole’?  What is the ‘object’ of reunification?  If reunification is the solution, what is the problem?