1. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture1 DAC Sunij Chacko Pierre Emmanuel Deliou Thomas Holst Used with modification

2. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture2 Overview  What is a DAC?  General Characteristics of DACs  Types of DACs  Binary Weighted Resistor  R/2R Ladder  Common Errors in DACs  Applications

3. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture3 Digital to Analog Converter  What is a digital to analog converter (DAC)?  Converts digital input signal to an analog output signal 01010101 00110011 01110111 10011001 10011001 10101010 10111011 DAC

4. DAC Application

5. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture5 Digital to Analog Converter 1011 1001101001111000011001010100 0011001000010000 Digital Input Signal Analog Output Signal

6. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture6 What a DAC Looks Like:

7. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture7 General DAC Characteristics  Resolution  Linearity  Speed  Settling Time  Reference Voltages

8. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture8 Resolution  The variation of the output voltage corresponding to the variation of the least significant binary bit (LSB)  Inversely proportional to the number of bits  Commonly 12-bit because of tradeoff between cost and resolution

9. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture9 Linearity  Consistency of step sizes

10. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture10 Speed  Rate of conversion of a single digital signal to its analog equivalent  Depends on:  Clock speed of input signal  Settling time of DAC

11. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture11 Settling Time t settling ½ LSB +-+-

12. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture12 Reference Voltages  Non multiplier DAC: V ref is fixed—given by the Manufacturer  Multiplier DAC: V ref can be variable  Multiplies digital word by analog V ref input

13. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture13 Full Scale Voltage  Full scale voltage is determined using the reference voltage

14. Digital-to-Analog Conversion  2 Basic Approaches  Weighted Summing Amplifier  R-2R Network Approach

15. Weighted Sum DAC  One way to achieve D/A conversion is to use a summing amplifier.  This approach is not satisfactory for a large number of bits because it requires too much precision in the summing resistors.  This problem is overcome in the R-2R network DAC.

16. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture16 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC R/2 n R DAC Variation on the inverting summer op-amp circuit

17. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture17 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC Analysis Recall inverting summer Op-Amp: Set the input resistor values at multiple powers of two. Using KCL and Op-Amp properties V (-) = V (+) = 0 V Inverting summer Op-Amp Starting from V1 and going through V3, this would give each input voltage exactly half the effect on the output as the voltage before it.

18. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture18 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC Analysis Binary inputs; so that each input is either 0 volts or full supply voltage, the output voltage will be an analog representation of the binary value of these bits. A reference voltage defines the full scale of the converter

19. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture19 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC  The output will be:

20. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture20 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC  Example: Full scale voltage:

21. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture21 Binary Weighted Resistor DAC Advantage Advantage  Easy principle (low bit DACs) Disadvantages  Requirement of several different precise input resistor values: one unique value per binary input bit. (High bit DACs)  Larger resistors ~ more error.  Precise large resistors – expensive.  High number of bits lead to current changes in the magnitude of noise amplitudes.

22. Weighted Sum DAC

23. R-2R Ladder DAC

24. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture24 R-2R Ladder DAC Network of R and 2R resistances Most commonly used

25. R-2R Ladder DAC

26.  The summing amplifier with the R-2R ladder of resistances shown produces the output where the D's take the value 0 or 1.  The digital inputs could be TTL voltages which close the switches on a logical 1 and leave it grounded for a logical 0.  This is illustrated for 4 bits, but can be extended to any number with just the resistance values R and 2R.

27. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture27 R-2R Ladder DAC Analysis Weighting factors using Thevenin Analysis Summing Op-Amp Properties

28. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture28 R-2R Ladder DAC Analysis Thevenin Analysis:

29. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture29 R-2R Ladder DAC Analysis Thevenin Analysis Example:

30. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture30 R-2R Ladder DAC Analysis

31. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture31 R-2R Ladder DAC Analysis  The output will be:

32. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture32 R-2R Ladder DAC  Only two resistor values- R and 2R  Does not need the kind of precision as Binary weighted DACs  Easy to manufacture  More popular  Less errors

33. DAC0830/DAC0832 8-Bit µP Compatible DAC  An advanced CMOS/Si-Cr 8-bit multiplying DAC designed to interface directly with the 8080, 8048, 8085, Z80®, and other popular microprocessors.  A deposited silicon-chromium R-2R resistor ladder network divides the reference current and provides the circuit with excellent temperature tracking characteristics (0.05% of Full Scale Range maximum linearity error over temperature).

34. Typical Application

35. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture35 Common DAC Errors 3. DAC Errors  Gain Error  Offset Error  Non-Linearities  Monotony

36. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture36 Gain Error  Distance between the theoretical value and the real value measured on the last transition of the converter and expressed in LSB.  Assumes the adjustment of the zero is completed.

37. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture37 Offset Error  Distance between the theoretical value and the real value measured on the first transition of the converter and expressed in LSB

38. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture38 Linearity  The linearity error of is due to the fact that the resolution of the converter is not constant  Two types:  Integral non linearity  Differential non linearity

39. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture39 Integral non-linearity  It is the maximum difference noticed on all the range of conversion between the theoretical values and the real values

40. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture40 Differential non linearity  It is the difference of tension obtained during the passage in the next digital code.  Should be 1 LSB in theory.

41. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture41 Monotony  Inflection in the transfer function  For one Output value, two binary input are possible.

42. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture42 Overall Precision  It’s the sum of all previous errors.  It’s given in a percentage of the full scale.

43. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture43 Applications  Conventional use  Programmable gain OpAmps  Programmable Filters  Multiplier

44. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture44 Conventional use  Used at the end of a digital processing chain when an analog signal is required.  It will be followed by a filter in order to abolish the ‘steps’ inherent to the digitalization.

45. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture45 Programmable gain OpAmps  Voltage controlled Amplifier (digital input, Vref as control)  Digitally operated attenuators (Vref as input, digital control)

46. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture46 Programmable Filters  Integrate DACs in filters  Variable cutoff frequency commended by a digital signal

47. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture47 References  http://www.allaboutcircuits.com http://www.allaboutcircuits.com  http://www.dwelle.de/rtc/infotheque/digital_signal/conversion.pdf http://www.dwelle.de/rtc/infotheque/digital_signal/conversion.pdf  http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu  http://www.fujitsu.com http://www.fujitsu.com

48. 10/23/2003ME6405 - DAC Lecture48 Acknowledgements  Dr. I. Charles Ume  Teaching Assistants  Students from previous years.

49. PIC18 Connection to DAC0808 and Op-Amp Example: Binary input: 10011001 I out = 2mA (153/256) = 1.195mA and V out = 1.195mA x 5K = 5.975V