1. Psychological co-morbidity in Diabetes mellitus : assessment and therapy Prof. Dr. Claus Vögele

2. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALY): sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost 20%

3. Co-morbidity of mental disorders with Diabetes mellitus: a brief summary Prevalence rates vary in relation to assessment techniques used. Typically higher prevalence rates (in particular depression and anxiety disorders) occur with the use of self-report scales as opposed to clinical interviews. Nevertheless...

4. 12-months estimated prevalence in mood disorders 1.41.3

5. 12-months estimated prevalence in anxiety disorders 1.61.5

6. 12-months estimated prevalence in anxiety disorders 1.3

7. Co-morbidity of mental disorders with Diabetes mellitus: a brief summary Mental DisorderOR or observed prevalence Mood Disorders Major Depression 1.4 Dysthymia 1.3 Anxiety DisordersGAD 1.6 Agoraphobia/Panic 1.5 Social Phobia 1.3 PTSD 1.3 Schizophrenia15% versus 2-3% (comm.)

8. Psychological factors Mental Disorders as a consequence of the physical condition Psychological factors affect prognosis/ treatment Causal role in aetiology Health risk behaviours Neurobiological/psychophysiological processes Psychological factors and physical conditions: concepts

9. Depression as a risk factor for Diabetes: neurobiological/psychoneuroendocrinological mechanisms Depression is an independent risk factor for type 2 Diabetes (Eaton et al., 1996; Kawakami et al., 1999) Evidence for endocrinological mechanisms: Depression is associated with increased serum glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone (which counter the effects of insulin) and insulin resistance and secrection of inflammatory cytokines, which could facilitate development of diabetes (Musselmann et a., 2003).

10. Psychological factors Mental Disorders as a consequence of the physical condition Psychological factors affect prognosis/ treatment Causal role in aetiology Psychological factors and physical conditions: concepts CNS pathology Treatment side effects Responses to changed life-situation - Adjustment

11. Diabetes as a risk factor for Depression: Nouwen et al., 2010

12. Anxiety Disorders common amongst Diabetics Hypoglycaemia anxiety –This can be associated with impaired perception of hypoglyaemic symptoms, which increases the probability of unexpected hypoglycaemic episodes and, therefore, the development of severe anxiety. Specific type of blood-injection-injury phobia –Can lead to irregular insulin injections with all adverse consequences. Panic Disorder (with or without Agoraphobia) –Panic attacks are often accompanied by very similar symptoms than hypoglycaemic episodes. Hypoglycaemic episodes can, therefore, contribute to the development of Panic Disorder.

13. Eating Disorders common amongst Diabetics The management of Diabetes requires patients to constantly be aware and check their food. The cognitive pattern (restrained eating) is typical for patients with Eating Disorders. Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are not more prevalent amongst Diabetics compared to community samples. However: EDNOS (sub-clinical Eating Disorders syndromes) are more than twice as prevalent amongst young female Type-I diabetics. Insulin-purging: deliberately reduced insulin intake in order to promote weight-reduction and fat-loss

14. Psychological factors Mental Disorders as a consequence of the physical condition Psychological factors affect prognosis/ treatment Causal role in aetiology Psychological factors and physical conditions: concepts Subjective disease model Adherence Physician-patient communication

15. Effects of severe mental illness on survival of people with diabetes Vinogradova et al., 2010

16. What needs to be done? 1.Psychological assessment Interview (DSM), Questionnaires Behavioural analysis: Analysis of individual conditions maintaining pathological processes Subjective Disease Models Illness Behaviour and Treatment Adherence Assessment of Individual Resources

17. What needs to be done? 2.Psychological Treatment Treatment of Co-morbid Mental Disorders Depression: CBT and/or Pharamcotherapy Anxiety Disorders: CBT Blood glucose awareness training Discrimination training (learning to discriminate between symptoms of hypoglycaemia and panic reactions) Exposure based techniques Eating Disorders: CBT techniques in particular mirror image exposure

18. What needs to be done? 2.Psychological Treatment Health Promotion and Support in Illness Coping Stress Coping Patient Education Relaxation Training Biofeedback

19. Who is / should be in charge? Appropriately qualified Psychologists e.g., Clinical Psychologists, Psychotherapists, Health Psychologists

20. Literatur