1. Intercultural Communication
Culture and Socialization,
Corporate Discourse Systems

2. E-pals Project Due end of week 14 (Sunday)
Use Scollon and Scollon pp for basic guideline of issues
Observation + direct questioning
Include short excerpts of interaction as examples to support your points
Pay attention to the medium
Eg. MSN discourse system?

3. E-pals Project Analyze yourself Analyze your e-pals
What discourse systems do you belong to?
How do they influence the way you communicate
Analyze your e-pals
What discourse systems do they belong to
How do they influence the way they communicate
Analyze your interaction
Problems/successes
Similarities/differences
Conclusion and references

4. Discourse Systems Ideology (Beliefs) Face systems (Relationships)
Forms of Discourse (Patterns of Communication)
Socialization
How people learn to be members of their discourse systems

5. Culture is learned Nature vs. nurture Studies with twins
Eg. Studies on criminal behavior
What things are ‘innate’ or ‘human nature’?
Task
What things are learned?
Relationships
Beliefs
Patterns of Communication

6. How did you learn to be Chinese (or…)?
Task
How did you learn to be Chinese (or…)?

7. Socialization
In every group one has to learn the rules, expectations, and truths of that group, whether the group is your family, the army, your school or company, or the state (nation)
Socialization is the process through which we learn to be a member of a discourse system

8. Socialization vs. Education
Informal
Continuous
Implicit
Uncredentialed
Education
Formal
Periodic
Explicit
Credentialed

9. Socialization vs. Education
Both valued in all societies
Valued in different ways
Socialization associated with ‘being normal’
Socialization: associated with Gemeinschaft
Education: Associated with Gesellshaft

10. Example: Gender Socialization and Gender Roles
An important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles. Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex.  Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through countless subtle and not so subtle ways.

11. Agents of socialization
Religion
Family
Work
Peers
You
Mass
Media
School

12. Agents of Socialization
The role these different institutions play in socialization differ in different societies at different times
As well as for different individuals
Your parents’ generation
You Me
The Cultural Revolution

13. Primary vs. Secondary Socialization
Primary Socialization (enculturation)
Early in life
Within family or group of intimates
Secondary Socialization
Later in life
Outside primary group

14. Education and Secondary Socialization
Formal
Explicit
Socialization
Informal
Intuitive
Implict

15. Task
Watch the video
What do you think children learn through this program?
What aspects of this learning are part of education and which are part of socialization

16. How Socialization Occurs
George Herbert Mead
Separation of self from others
Learning to use symbols
Observe others
Take the role of others
‘Looking glass’ self

17. Factors influencing Socialization
Nature of humans
Motivation
Nature of the ‘self’
Individualistic vs. collectivistic
Human life cycle
When does adulthood begin?

18. Child-rearing practices
Shame Culture vs. Guilt Culture
BENEDICT R (1967) The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
Shame
Collectivistic
External sanctions
Face
Concept of duty
Hierarchical
Guilt
Individualistic
Internal sanctions
Concept of sin
Egalitarian

19. Guilt Culture Guilt- culture Other people believe: I believe
I didn't do it
I did it
No problem
I protest my innocence and fight the accusation
I am expected to feel guilty regardless
I am guilty and am punished

20. Shame Culture Shame- culture Other people believe: I believe
I didn't do it
I did it
No problem
I am shamed and dishonoured by their belief
No-one knows, so I am not shamed
I am guilty and am punished

21. Guilt and Shame Heidi Fung Video
Role of stories told by adults about children in Chinese socialization
Video

22. American child-rearing practices
Child rearing practices reflect
Ideology
Face Systems
Forms of Discourse

23. American child-rearing practices
Emphasis on limiting child’ self expression
Human nature is basically evil
‘Spare the rod and spoil the child’
Self-regulation
Influence of Scientific Management
Toilet training

24. American child-rearing practices
Dr. Spock, Baby and Child Care
Self-expression/
Individual creativity
Comfort
NO HITTING!/ Talk it out
1964-
Role of professional expertise
Complicated (scary) world
Media and technology
Technological solutions

25. Athakbaskan Child-rearing
Adults who comment on a newborn baby ask, ‘Who came?’ The child is thought to have an identity that is to be discovered by those in this world, not to be created or shaped by us. Thus the role of the living in respect to the newborn is to welcome this person and to seek to learn about who he or she is.

26. Reflection
What kinds of principles do you think your parents used to raise you?
How do you think these principles were the same as/different from those by which they were raised?
How do socialization practices reflect the larger society?

27. Enculturation vs. Acculturation
Learning your own culture
Acculturation
One culture being dominated by another
Assimilation
Learning to adapt to a (dominant) culture

28. Cultural Adjustment

29. Re-entry