1.  Feelings of loss ◦  Lonliness  Shame and guilt ◦  Eating and sleeping disorders  academic performance

2.  Father’s absence  early sexual activity in girls  This leads to rates of teenage pregnancy  Which in turn is linked to: ◦ educational attainment ◦ career achievement

3.  Which in turn is linked to: ◦ educational attainment ◦ career achievement ◦ Health problems ◦ Inadequate social support for parenting ◦ All of which leads to continued exposure to poverty, and the continuing of the cycle…

4.  Why don’t we know more about these issues?  Stigma defined  the role of shame in punishment ◦  Stigmatizers and the Stigmatized  Stigma and daily life

5.  The “self” as a transaction  The looking-glass self/reflected appraisals  The role of identity  Identity hierarchy  Identity as a transaction ◦  How identity influences social interaction

6.  Sticky stigma  Stigma travels through social networks  Stigma and Identity  Reflected Appraisals ◦ ◦  The Hidden Cost of Shame

7.  Prayer as a way to cope with life’s problems.  Way to cope with problems on feels they have no control over ◦  Religious beliefs and Religious communities

8.  Incarceration and Stigma are generally hidden  Speech is public. Silence and estrangement is private  “…a repression of public thought, of our collective imagination.”

9.  Collateral damage of punishment  How law shapes perceptions and identity ◦ ◦ ◦

10.  The failure of the criminal justice system “stems from a fundamental misapprehension of the social world, one that obscures the relationships individuals have with one another. By conceptually stripping individuals of their most common and fundamental commitments, policymakers have imagined that they can transform poverty-stricken neighborhoods through the sheer force of the sanctions imposed.”