2.  Present in all cultures  Happiness  Sadness ◦ grief – long period of sadness  Anger – can be helpful if energy is redirected to change things  Fear – a safety defense mechanism to prevent harm. Can be harmful when no real threat is present.

3.  Expression depends on the social environment & culture  Love ◦ family, friends, romance ◦ deep feelings of affection & concern ◦ Women express it more differently than men ◦ Essential for mental health to be able to give & receive love.

4.  Guilt ◦ Knowing you’ve done something. ◦ Can be helpful to correct the wrong. ◦ Can feel guilty even when you’ve done nothing wrong.  Shame ◦ Focuses on the person, rather than the action. “I’m a terrible friend.”