1. Emotional expression at least in its basic facial expressions seems to be consistent across cultures Culture can shape how we read more ambiguous facial expressions Cohen & Gunz (2002) - put people in a variety of moods and asked people to evaluate ambiguous facial expressions White Canadians projected their own emotions on to the faces Asian Canadians projected the complimentary emotion (i.e., if they were angry they saw fear) onto the faces Culture and Emotion

2. Subcultural Differences - The Culture of Honor in the Southern US and Anger Cohen & Nisbett (1994) - Perceptions of violence in the North and South, survey data; not much of a man data Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz (1996) Insult and anger

3. Cohen, et al (1996) - Anger

4. Cohen & Nisbett (1994) - Perceptions of violence in the North and South, survey data; not much of a man data Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz (1996) Insult and anger Insult and testosterone study Subcultural Differences - The Culture of Honor in the Southern US and Anger (cont.)

5. Cohen et al. (1996) Insult and Testosterone

6. Cohen & Nisbett (1994) - Perceptions of violence in the North and South, survey data; not much of a man data Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, & Schwarz (1996) Insult and anger Insult and testosterone study Insult and playing chicken study Subcultural Differences - The Culture of Honor in the Southern US and Anger (cont.)

7. Cohen et al. (1996) Insult and Playing Chicken

8. Language can be a strong cue to cultural orientation Ross, Xun, & Wilson (2002) - Had Bilingual Chinese students answer questions about themselves in Chinese or English In English their responses looked much like Whites In Chinese they reported lower self-esteem and listed about as many negative as positive aspects of themselves Language learning and culture Additive bilingualism - When those who speak the dominant language learn a language that is not dominant it helps them Subtractive bilingualism - When those who speak a non- dominant language learn the dominant language it is a threat to their cultural identity. Culture and Language