1. 1 Recollimation Shock, Transverse Waves and the Whip in BL Lacertae M.H. Cohen Caltech Granada 13 vi 2013

2. 2 M. Lister (P.I.), J. Richards (Purdue) T. Arshakian (Univ. of Cologne, Germany) M. and H. Aller (Michigan) M. Cohen, T. Hovatta, (Caltech) D. Homan (Denison) M. Kadler, M. B ö ck (U. Wurzburg, Germany) K. Kellermann (NRAO) Y. Kovalev (ASC Lebedev, Russia) A. Lobanov, T. Savolainen, J. A. Zensus (MPIfR, Germany) D. Meier (JPL) A. Pushkarev (Crimean Observatory, Ukraine) E. Ros (Valencia, Spain) MOJAVE Collaborators M onitoring O f J ets in A ctive Galaxies with V LBA E xperiments Very Long Baseline Array The MOJAVE Program is supported NASA Fermi Grant NNX08AV67G 2 Granada 13 vi 2013

3. 3 BL Lac Topics 3 Components, Ridge Line Recollimation Shock PA Variations: Wobble Transverse Waves Wave Speeds Relaxation in 2010: Wiggle Conclusions Granada 13 vi 2013

4. 4 Components Granada 13 vi 2013 4 Components are a small number of elliptical Gaussians that sum to the image. They usually are circular. A component is often a bright spot in the image. Components are tracked in time, if the cadence of observations is fast enough.

5. 5 Ridge Line Granada 13 vi 2013 5 BL Lac is elongated and has a ridge. Most components move downstream along the ridge (±0.1 mas)

6. Granada 13 vi 2013 6 Ridge Line and Components 2006.86 2005.71

7. 7 Several New Components per Year Max Speed 10.6c Granada 13 vi 2013

8. BL Lac Component Tracks 8 Granada 13 vi 2013 quasi-stationary recollimation shock

9. 99 Recollimation Shock Component 7 = recollimation shock Analogy to M87, 3C120 Simulation (Lind et al 1999,...) shows a‘magnetic chamber’ and fast cpts ejected into a ‘nose cone’ (not full 3D RMHD) (Meier p715) Need strong toroidal component in the magnetic field Granada 13 vi 2013

10. 10 z vmax dist from core 3C 120 0.033 5.3c ~ 5 mas 3.1 * 80 mas ~ 3x10 7 r g M 87.00436 4.3 ** >= 10 6 r g BL Lac.0686 10.6 # ~ 10 6 r g * downstream from C1 Agudo et al 2012 ** downstream from HST1 Cheung et al 2007 # downstream from cpt 7 MOJAVE 10 Recollimation Shock II Granada 13 vi 2013

11. 11 BL Lac Position Angle vs Epoch

12. Granada 13 vi 2013 12 V ≈ 1.15 mas yr -1 ≈ 4.8 c Transverse Wave 2004 - 2007 A B A B

13. Shifted Ridge Lines Granada 15 vi 2013 13

14. Transverse Waves 1999-2000 14Granada 15 vi 2013 V ≈ 0.80 mas yr -1 ≈ 3.3 c

15. 15 Transverse Wave 2000-2001 Granada 13 vi 2013 15

16. 16 Component 16 Advected with the Transverse Wave Granada 13 vi 2013 16

17. 17 Several New Components per Year Max Speed 10.6c Granada 13 vi 2013

18. BL Lac Component Tracks 18 Granada 13 vi 2013 quasi-stationary recollimation shock Centerline PA=166 o

19. BL Lac 2010.8-2012.8 wiggle 19 Granada 15 vi 2013 PA ≈ 171 o

20. Granada 13 vi 2013 20 Strong quasi-stationary component is identified as a recollimation shock. Distance from core ~ 10 6 r g Superluminal components appear to come from or through the recollimation shock. BL Lac Conclusions I

21. BL Lac Conclusions II Granada 13 vi 201321 Jet supports transverse waves. Waves have superluminal speed. Waves are correlated with swings in the inner PA. Components are advected with the transverse motion. Jet acts more like a rope than a water hose. When wave activity dies down, a stable wiggle appears.

22. Granada 13 vi 201322 These observations support a model in which the jet contains a strong toroidal magnetic field. Transverse waves (Alfven?) are excited by PA swings of the nozzle, and propagate superluminally downstream, as large- scale wiggles on the ridge line. The superluminal components (fast MHD waves?) stay on the ridge, and can be advected transversely. In 2009 the waves died down, and a small-scale stationary wiggle appeared on the jet. Conclusions III