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Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body
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Overview
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Key Terms anabolism intracellular fluid anatomic position metabolism
anatomy negative feedback catabolism organ cell pathology disease physiology extracellular fluid system homeostasis tissue
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Studies of the Human Body
Learning Outcomes Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism. List 11 body systems and give the general function of each.
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Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy Study of body structure Dissection Physiology Study of body function Pathology Study of disease
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Studies of the Human Body
Levels of Organization Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism
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Figure 1-1 Levels of organization.
What do specialized groups of cells form?
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Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function) Protection, support, and movement Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Coordination and control Nervous Endocrine
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Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function) Circulation and immunity Cardiovascular Lymphatic Energy supply and fluid balance Respiratory Digestive Urinary Production of offspring Reproductive
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Studies of the Human Body
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Studies of the Human Body
✓ Studies of the Human Body Checkpoints 1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body function called? 1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz Answer 1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist? The structure of the stomach The mechanism of protein digestion Stomach cancer Anabolic reactions
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism System, cell, organ, organism, tissue Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz Answer 1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism System, cell, organ, organism, tissue Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz 1.3 Which system is comprised of bones and joints? Skeletal system Nervous system Immune system Muscular system
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Studies of the Human Body
? Studies of the Human Body Pop Quiz Answer 1.3 Which system is comprised of bones and joints? Skeletal system Nervous system Immune system Muscular system
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Learning Outcomes Define metabolism and name the two types of metabolic reactions. Define and give examples of homeostasis. Explain how negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Types of Metabolism Catabolism Reactions that break substances down Used to form ATP Anabolism Reactions that build substances up Often require ATP
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Figure 1-2 Metabolism. What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of internal balance Body fluid balance is especially important Extracellular fluid Blood plasma Lymph Fluid between cells Intracellular fluid Fluid within cells
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis Negative feedback Critical for maintaining our health Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift
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Figure 1-3 Negative feedback.
How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?
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Figure 1-4 Negative feedback and body temperature.
How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?
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Figure 1-5 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.
What happens to insulin levels after a meal?
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Effects of Aging Gradual changes in all body systems Some changes are harmless. Wrinkles and gray hair Some changes may result in injury and disease. Decreased kidney function Loss of bone mass Formation of deposits within blood vessels
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
✓ Metabolism and Its Regulation Checkpoints 1-3 What are the two types of metabolic reactions and what happens during each? 1-4 Compare the locations of extracellular and intracellular fluids. 1-5 What is the main method used to maintain homeostasis?
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
? Metabolism and Its Regulation Pop Quiz 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Homeostatic reaction Metabolic reaction
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
? Metabolism and Its Regulation Pop Quiz Answer 1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n) Anabolic reaction Catabolic reaction Homeostatic reaction Metabolic reaction
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
? Metabolism and Its Regulation Pop Quiz 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Pop Quiz Answer 1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback? Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar. Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace. A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.
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Body Directions Learning Outcomes
List and define the main directional terms for the body. List and define three planes of division of the body.
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Body Directions Directional Terms
Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. Superior and inferior Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) Medial and lateral Proximal and distal All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.
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Figure 1-6 Directional terms.
What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing?
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Body Directions Planes of Division
Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane
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Figure 1-7 Planes of division.
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Body Directions Planes of Division
Some additional terms are used to describe tissues and CT or MRI images. Cross section Longitudinal section Oblique section
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Figure 1-8 Tissue sections.
Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?
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Body Directions
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✓ Body Directions Checkpoints 1-6 What term describes a location closer to an origin, such as the elbow in comparison to the wrist? 1-7 What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline? Distal Lateral Medial Transverse
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the Sagittal plane Proximal plane Frontal plane Midsagittal plane
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Body Cavities Learning Outcomes
Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen. Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.
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Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities.
Dorsal Cavity Two main subdivisions Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity Two main subdivisions separated by diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.
Replace with Fig 1-10 Which cavity contains the diaphragm?
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Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Further subdivided Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity Mediastinum
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Figure 1-11 The thoracic cavity.
Which cavity contains the lung?
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Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Cavity Further subdivided
Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
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Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen can be divided into nine regions. Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Hypochondriac (left and right) Lumbar (left and right) Iliac, or inguinal (left and right)
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Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen.
Which region contains the spleen?
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Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants. Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant
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Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen.
In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt?
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Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions.
Where would a pedal pulse be felt?
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Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions.
Where would cervical pain be felt?
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Body Cavities
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✓ Body Cavities Checkpoints 1-8 Name the two main body cavities. 1-9 Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity? Gallbladder Liver Lung Small intestine
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial? Epigastric region Hypogastric region Inguinal region Umbilical region
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh? Crural Femoral Popliteal Sural
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Case Study Learning Outcomes
Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in a case study.
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Case Study Some anatomic and physiologic terms from the case study:
Hemorrhage Hormone Hypertensive Hypotensive Hypothermia Intraabdominal Palpate Tachycardia
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Word Anatomy Learning Outcomes Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.
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Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example -tomy cutting, incision of
-dis apart, away from Dissect physi/o nature, physical Physiology path/o disease Pathology -logy study of Radiology cata- down Catabolism ana- upward, again, back Anabolism home/o same Homeostasis stat, -stasis stand, stoppage, constancy extra- outside of, beyond Extracellular intra- within Intracellular
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz 1.11 The term –stasis is best defined as
Constant Downward Upward Variable
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? Body Directions Pop Quiz Answer
1.11 The term –stasis is best defined as Constant Downward Upward Variable
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