1. The potential of urban agriculture for food security RUAF Foundation www.ruaf.orgwww.ruaf.org

2. Growing urban food insecurity Defining urban agriculture Different pathways to food security Realising the Right to Food through policy and spatial planning and small agribusiness promotion Summary

3. Growing urban food insecurity and malnutrition Limited access of urban poor to nutritious and affordable food mainly due to low and irregular income Urban poor are net consumers (spend 50-80% of their income on food) and are directly affected by variations in food and fuel prices Increasing dominance of supermarkets and fast food chains in the local food systems, resulting in increased consumption of fats, sugars, salt and processed foods Lack of policy attention to urban food security; “rural bias” of food security programmes; Low visibility of urban hunger

4. Rural and urban incidences of hunger (food-energy deficiency) Source: Ahmed et al., 2007.

5. Neglect of investment in domestic rural agriculture in the past 15 years ; use of agricultural land for bio fuels; major land sales to foreign countries; increasing food imports Hence: increasing dependence on international food markets and vulnerability to price increases Effects of climate change on rural food supply and transport aggravate this vulnerability

7. Urban Agriculture Agricultural production (crops, trees, livestock, fish) in and around urban areas for food (vegetables, eggs, milk, meat,..) and other uses (e.g. herbs, ornamental plants) And related inputs provision, processing and marketing activities Often combined with other functions (greening and biodiversity, recycling of wastes, disaster reduction, capturing CO2, reduction urban heat, recreational services,…)

8. Urban vs Peri Urban Agriculture Urban agriculture are of smaller scale, intra urban areas Peri urban larger and more commercial scale+ outskirts of the city

9. Urban Agriculture A recent RUAF study for World Bank on the socio- economic impacts of urban agriculture in Nairobi, Accra, Bangalore and Lima indicated that in average about 20% of the urban population is involved in some type of urban agriculture, of which 30% (over 1.3 million HH in the 4 cities) gain an important part of their income from agriculture

10. An African perspective -Approximately 40% of African urban dwellers farm in town -However, well-off people are over-represented among African urban farmers; the poor lack space. -More than three quarters of poor people in Southern African cities are food insecure -UA is associated with better food security and higher incomes, especially livestock farming

11. Food security pathways Own food production by urban poor Access to extra food and more varied diet Cash savings used for to purchase staple foods and higher value items (micro- nutrients; fish) Redistribution of harvested food to non-producing households Diversification of food sources enhances coping capacities

12. Urban Agriculture, food security and nutrition City% of urban consumption met by urban and peri-urban agriculture VegetablesEggsPoultry meat MilkPork La Paz (2000)30 Dakar (2000)70-80 65-70 Dar es Salaam (2000) 90 60 Accra (2003)90 Shanghai (2000) 60905090-10050 Hanoi (2000 y 2004) 0-75 (@ season) 4050

13. Farmers in Nairobi and Kampala operate small diary enterprises that supply 70% of the milk needs of consumers ( Lee-Smith, 2014) Kampala

14. Approximately 40% of urban dwellers farm in town (self production). 200 000 farming HH in Nairobi (Lee-Smith, 2014) Nairobi

15. Food security pathways Job and income generation Savings on food expenditures From agricultural production, espec. for vulnerable population (women, elderly, less educated) Generated in related small enterprises: compost production, processing, marketing, recreational services, etcetera) UPAF highly compatible with other jobs and facilitates multiple income sources; hence enhances resilience

16. CityMonthly income generated (US$) in peri-urban horticulture (= above formal minimum wage) Accra40-50 Rosario40-150 Brazzaville140-170 (productores) 120 (vendedores) Cameroon70 Lagos120 Ouagadougou25-100 Yaoundé35-70 Ho Chi Minh City40-125 Yakarta30-50

17. Highest incomes from urban animal production (Lee Smith, 2014) Nairobi

18. Urban vegetable farmers can earn twice what rural farmers earn (RUAF, 2013) Accra

19. Food security pathways Access to food for urban households Access to fresh and sometimes cheaper food Reduced vulnerability to market prices and imported food Responds to cultural demands Need to manage health risks

20. Belo Horizonte Urban, peri-urban and rural agriculture contribute to food and nutrition security

21. Action is needed to protect Lima’s fertile farmland from exponential urban growth. Lima

22. Realising the Right to Food for urban dwellers Importance of supporting more small-scale commercial urban and peri-urban agriculture Importance of increased policy recognition and support for urban and peri-urban agriculture Need to enhance secure tenure of land for urban and peri-urban agriculture

23. RUAF From Seed to Table Programme Development of social agro and food enterprises for urban farmers and unemployed youth in 17 cities around the world -> Market analysis -> Business planning -> Strengthening producers organisations -> Enhancing access to financing -> Creation of food hubs for Improved marketing -> Small enterprise friendly regulations

24. RUAF From Seed to Table Programme Main results: -> 18 agri-businesses set up with/by poor urban producers: different vegetables; improved small animal production; niche products like mushrooms or aromatic plants -> Impact monitoring shows increase in income of members (5-50%) -> New consumer markets created -> Agro-bussiness increased access to financing

26. RUAF Strategic planning and policy formulation Development of municipal UA and food programmes in 20 cities around the world -> Land use and food system analysis -> Critical policy review and stakeholder analysis -> Multi-stakeholder coordination and agenda setting -> Policy formulation and action planning -> Integration UA into spatial and land use planning -> Pilot project formulation and implementation

27. Different policy dimensions

28. RUAF Strategic planning and policy formulation Main results -> Revised and new UA policies elaborated and formalised at local and national level -> UA institutionalised in municipal programmes and budgets -> Improved access to land, finances, resources and assistance

29. RUAF city region food systems Technical assistance and training, exchange and learning, policy advocacy -> CITYFOOD Network with ICLEI -> City region food system analysis and planning -> Link to climate change strategies -> International advocacy

30. RUAF city region food systems Main results -> UA integrated in city climate change strategies -> Organisations of webinars and events -> Publication of books, Magazines and policy briefs and planning -> City region food systems being discussed as part of the post 2015 and SDG agenda

31. Thank you Contact: m.dubbeling@ruaf.org www.ruaf.org m.dubbeling@ruaf.org