1. Extended Twin Kinship Designs

2. Limitations of Twin Studies Limited to “ACE” model No test of assumptions of twin design C biased by assortative mating, passive rGE, stratification C and D tend to cancel Cannot separate components of C: vertical cultural inheritance, extra-familial shared environment, special C in twins, parent-child interaction Twin pairs are same age

3. Extending the Phenotype Me World Parents Siblings Child Spouse Extended Phenotype

4. Extending Twin Kinships

5. Extensions: Design Twins and Parents (TAP) Longitudinal Twins and Parents (LTAP) Children of Twins (COT) Spouses of Twins (SPOT) Siblings of Twins The Full Monty: Extended Twin Kinship Design E.T. (AKA “Stealth”, “Cascade”).

6. Extensions: Assessment MEASURE THE ENVIRONMENT MEASURE THE GENOTYPE MEASURE THE ENDOPHENOTYPE AND EPIGENOME DYADIC ASSESSMENT (interactions of relative pairs).

7. Some else’s model may not suit your problem Be creative!!!

8. Parents of Twins Anticipate “adult outcome” of child phenotype (quick and dirty developmental study) Provide environment for offspring (parent- child interaction) Spousal resemblance Clue to non-additive genetic effects

9. Siblings of Twins “Are twins special? Funny? Different?” Sibling interaction effects, confluence, density, family size (also non-twin singletons) Age-moderation of family resemblance (are different genes/environments expressed at different ages – GxAge interaction).

10. Children of Twins Resolve effects of maternal and offspring genotype on offspring behavior Resolve genetic and non-genetic components of parent-child resemblance

11. The Virginia 30,000

15. Unpacking Assortative Mating

17. Phenotypic Assortment

18. Assortment for Latent Trait

19. Social Homogamy

20. Spousal Intersaction

22. The mediating effect of parental neglect on adolescent and young adult anti-sociality: A longitudinal study of twins and their parents (LTAP). Lindon Eaves, Liz Prom, Judy Silberg

24. Parental ASP and Child Neglect/Adversity

25. So: Does neglect cause childhood antisocial behavior (“environmentally”)? OR Is it a result of the fact that neglect is an expression of (genetic?) anti-social behavior in the parents? OR BOTH.

26. Conceptual Model

27. Initial Model for Genetic Effects

28. Polychoric correlations between anti-social behavior of (adult) parents and adult and juvenile anti-social behavior of their offspring.

29. Twin correlations

30. Model comparison

31. Genetic effects of assortment and Passive rGE Significant assortment doesn’t do much genetically (here) Not much passive rGE even though parental ASP genetic and affects child’s environment

32. Non-genetic transmission

33. Unique and Shared Environment

34. Children of Twins (COT) Unraveling the effect of genes and environment in the transmission of parental antisocial behavior to children’s conduct disturbance, depression, and hyperactivity. Judy Silberg, Hermine Maes, Lindon Eaves