1. The French Revolution (1789-1799)

2. La Marseillaise Allons enfants de la Patrie Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie L'étendard sanglant est levé Entendez-vous dans nos campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras. Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes! Aux armes citoyens Formez vos bataillons Marchons, marchons Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons

3. Roget de L’isle

4. The Causes of the Revolution

5. The Three Estates Nobility – privileges, own land, tax free, right to office, own courts, collect dues Clergy – privileges, tax free, own courts, use of land, monopoly, collect fees Third Estate – bourgeoisie, peasantry, work, pay taxes, pay dues, pay fees

6. The debt and deficit 4.5 bln. Livre debt, more than 300 mln. per year in interest alone. 165 mln. Annual military budget. 100 mln. Annual deficit.

7. The American Revolution Cost France $2 bln. New debt. Did not result in any gains from UK Returning supporters of the American Revolution spread liberal ideas in France The terms “Patriots” and “Nation” become widely used.

8. Ideas of the Enlightenment Disprove the Divine right of Kings Disprove the role of church and religion in society. Disprove the permanency and morals of the existing world order. Draft practical plans to build new social order and new forms of government. Reflect the Creed of the Bourgeoisie – rationalist, experimental, humanitarian and utilitarian. Display confidence in the ability of man to change things for the better. Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Locke, Diderot.

9. Economic Decline Losing the 7 years war cost many colonies and their potential resources affecting the middle class. Draught caused famine among peasants and made them a natural ally of the middle class. Crops failed in 1788, causing hunger and prices of food to shoot up to a century high. Population increased by 3 mln., mostly rural to 25 mln. Not enough land to support them. Most worked also as tenant farmers or sharecroppers or odd jobs. Amount of money in circulation increased from 2 bln. To 3 bln. (50%), pushing prices up by 45%, while wages rose by only 22%. Decline of prices of grain and grapes starting in 1776 reflected the decreased consumption by the state, affecting the peasants. Landlords increased rents to make up for the declining prices. Winter of 1788-1789 was the coldest and longest in this century.

10. The Failure of Reform The King refuses to share power. The parlementaires, special courts of nobles refuse to give up privileges. Engage in power struggle with the King. Jacques Necker and Calonne fired after trying to change the tax structure. Assembly of Notables refuses to approve reforms. Parlementaires provoke the election of Estates General to break the stalemate. Royal Council approves the quotas - 1 st Estate – 291, 2 nd estate – 300, 3 rd estate 610.

11. The General Estates May 5, 1789

12. Tennis Court Oath "The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom... decrees that all members of this assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate... until the constitution of the kingdom is established on firm foundations..." June 20, 1789

13. Fall of the Bastille July 14, 1789

14. The New Flag The Marquis de Lafayette, commander of the new National Guard, combined the colors of the King (white) and the colors of Paris (blue and red) for his guardsmen's uniforms and from this came the Tricolor, the new French flag.

15. Phases of the Revolution July 14, 1789 – August 10, 1792 – power of the liberal aristocracy and conservative bourgeoisie. August 10, 1792 – June 2, 1793 – power of the liberal bourgeoisie. June 2, 1793 – July 27, 1794 – power of the democratic left. July 27, 1794 – November 9, 1799 – power of the moderate bourgeoisie.

16. National Constituent Assembly (Aug. 4, 1789 – Sep. 20, 1791) Prepared the First Constitution of France Consisted of most of the members of the General Estates (L’Etat General). Divided into 3 wings. Feuillants – right – favor constitutional monarchy with strong executive power in the hands of the king, incl. right to veto. Girondins – center – favor liberal monarchy of the English type or a republic. Montagnards – left – favor a democratic republic

17. The Night of August 4, 1789

18. Key dates July 14, 1789 – Fall of the Bastille. Creation of the National Guard led by La Fayette. August 4, 1789 – The National Constitutional Assembly abolishes feudal rights, incl. manorial justice. August 26, 1789 – Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen. June 22, 1791 – King Louis attempted escape, arrested at Varennes. August 27, 1791 – Pillnitz Declaration – Prussia and Austria declared support for the King. September 1791 – King Louis XVI signs the Constitution of 1791. April 20, 1792 – Louis declared war on Austria. September 2, 1792 – “September massacres”. September 20, 1792 – French victory at Valmy. Beginning of the National Convention and end of the Constitutional Assembly.

19. The Constitution of 1791 France becomes a Constitutional Monarchy. Feudalism is abolished. Church land was confiscated. Clergy was placed on a state payroll, services continue. Slavery is abolished, except in the colonies. All became equal before the law. Justice was made free. All citizens pay the same 3 taxes – land tax, industrial tax and commercial tax. Indirect taxes were abolished. Ended monopolies and privileges. Abolished the guilds. Citizens are divided into “active” and “passive”. Protestants and Jews were excluded from the political life. Elections run through 2 stages. Only people who pay more than 52 livras in annual taxes could be a candidate for the Assembly. Printed “assignats” for 2,000,000,000 livras. Offered peasants to buy properties. Banned Workingmen Unions, collective bargaining and strikes.

20. The Leaders of the French Revolution

21. Count Honore-Gabriel de Mirabeau 1749-1791 Elected from the third estate in the General States in 1789. Favors Constitutional Monarchy Leader of the Liberal Aristocracy

22. Marquis de La Fayette La Fayette went to America to offer his help and his services in 1777. He became a general in the Continental Army and a friend of George Washington. In 1780 he took part in the Virginia campaign. And in 1781, he also took part in the victory of Yorktown. In 1789, he became a congressman. In 1792, he led an army against Austria. He got arrested by the Austrians and from 1792 to 1795, he was in prison. And from 1795 to 1797, he was exiled in Germany and in Holland. In 1799, he came back to France. He became a member of deputies Chamber. His trip to the States in 1824 was resounding. In 1830, he helped Louis-Philippe to become king.

23. Abbe Sieyes “What is the Third estate” “Declaration of the rights of the Man and Citizen” Voted for the Execution of the King in 1793. Member of all legislative bodies until 1804. Expelled from France after the restoration in 1815. Returned to France in 1830.

24. Georges-Jacques Danton 1759 – 1794 One of the leaders of the Jacobins. Minister of Justice under the Girondins Led the Committee for Public safety in ‘93 Executed during the Reign of Terror "Boldness and again boldness, and always boldness"

25. Jean-Paul Marat Doctor, philosopher “Friend of the People” Leader of the Parisian Commune Member of the Jacobin club Votes against the monarchy Assassinated on July 13, 1793 by a royalist woman

26. Maximilian Robespierre Lawyer Leader of the Jacobins Constitution of 1793 Executed on June 27, 1794. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible"

27. The National Convention 1792-1795 3 stages – Revolutionary Government of the Girondins; Jacobin dictatorship and Thermidorian reaction. Political Spectrum – Girondins to the right, Plains in the centre, Montagnards or Jacobins to the left. Far left – Heberists, or ``crazy``, Monarchists, or ``blacks`` to the far right. Culmination of the revolution

28. Execution of Louis XVI

29. Key dates Sep. 21, 1792 Abolition of the monarchy. Sep. 22, 1792 – Day 1 of Year 1. Jan. 21, 1793 – Louis XVI is guillotined. June 2, 1793 – Parisian Commune led by the Committee of Public Safety (Danton). July 10, 1793 - Danton removed from the Committee. Jacobins take control. Sep. 1793 – Constitution of 1793. Suspended temporary by Robespierre until the end of the revolution.`Reign of Terror`. Oct. – Nov. - Political Trials. 40,000 executed. July 27, 1794 – Robespierre overthrown and executed. Thermidorian Reacton begins. April 1795 – Treaty of Basel. End of the first coalition. Sep. 1795 – Constitution of 1795 and New Declaration of Rights Oct. 5, 1795 – Constitutional Referendum, insurgency, Napoleon Oct. 26, 1795 – Last session of the National Convention

30. The Constitution of 1793 Full abolition of manorial rights without compensation. Liquidation of class divisions and titles. Democratic republic with strong executive powers in the hands of the Committee. Broad voting rights. Wage and price controls. Religious controls.

31. The constitution of Year III (1795) Tax qualifications for voters over 21 years old Property requirements for Electors Indirect elections Bicameral assembly – Council of the Ancients and Council of 500. Executive powers in the Directory of 5, elected by the deputies. New declaration of Rights and Responsibilities.

32. The Constitutional Republic (Directory) 1795-1799 Most members of the Councils are former Girondists and moderate Montagnards. Some royalists elected, left wing is crushed Election of 1797 – right wing republicans and royalists win almost all seats. Duke of Provence pretends for the throne under the name Louis XVIII Italian Campaign of Napoleon. Peace treaty of Campo Formio (Oct. 17, 1797) 1798 – Egyptian campaign of Napoleon Oct. 1799 – Napoleon returned to France Nov. 9-10, 1799 – Coup d’etat. Napoleon expelled the deputies, suspended the constitution and transferred autority to 3 Consuls. Dec. 15, 1799 – Napolen proclaimed the revolution is over.