1. THE ANATOMY OF 18 th, 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS

2. Characteristics of Revolution “ Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable” JFK " When the truth is buried underground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out, it blows up everything" Emile Zola French author and newspaper writer 1840-1902 "O liberty! O liberty! What crimes are committed in thy name" Jeanne Manon Roland Girondists, executed by the guillotine 1754-1793

3. Social and Political Revolutions What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore — and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? or does it crust and sugar over— like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load Or does it explode? Langston Hughes 1951 Black Panther Hqs. 1969

4. Types of Political Revolutions Bourgeois (liberal) revolution Bourgeois (liberal) revolution Political spectrum Political spectrum Mass revolutions Mass revolutions Nationalist/Religious Revolutions Nationalist/Religious Revolutions Communist Revolutions Communist Revolutions Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented Rightist Revolutions Rightist Revolutions Nazi, Fascist, Peronist, Spanish Nazi, Fascist, Peronist, Spanish 20th Century Democratic Revolution 20th Century Democratic Revolution The Mixed Revolution The Mixed Revolution

5. Bourgeois Liberal Revolutions Generally 1680s to 1830s Generally 1680s to 1830s English, American, French, Haitian English, American, French, Haitian Belgian, Dutch, Italian, German Belgian, Dutch, Italian, German Meiji Restoration of 1867 (Japan) Meiji Restoration of 1867 (Japan) Often focuses on middle class issues Often focuses on middle class issues Violence occurs but not always a means Violence occurs but not always a means Tendency to turn conservative Tendency to turn conservative Conflict with radicals Conflict with radicals Nationalism managed Nationalism managed

6. Classic Revolutions Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804 Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804 Mexican Revolution – Mexican Revolution – September 16, 1810 – 1821 September 16, 1810 – 1821 1910-1924 1910-1924 Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829 Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829 French Revolution -1789-1799 French Revolution -1789-1799 American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this revolution different) American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this revolution different) Russian Revolution 1917-1921 Russian Revolution 1917-1921 Chinese Revolution 1911 – 1921 Chinese Revolution 1911 – 1921 Cuban Revolution 1958 - ? Cuban Revolution 1958 - ? Iranian Revolution 1979 - ? Iranian Revolution 1979 - ? Year of Revolutions 1848 Year of Revolutions 1848

7. Nationalist or Interim Generally between 1830 – 1870 Generally between 1830 – 1870 Latin American independence movements Latin American independence movements Mehmet Ali (Egypt), 1830 Mehmet Ali (Egypt), 1830 French Revolution 1848, Commune 1870 French Revolution 1848, Commune 1870 Polish 1830, 1848, 1863 Polish 1830, 1848, 1863 19 th c. Eastern Europe 19 th c. Eastern Europe All revolutions of 1848 All revolutions of 1848 Increasingly nationalist Increasingly nationalist Increasingly poor citizens participate Increasingly poor citizens participate Increasingly opposed by middle class Increasingly opposed by middle class

8. Mass Revolutions Radical lower middle, working classes Radical lower middle, working classes Mass Mobilization by Leading Elite Mass Mobilization by Leading Elite All citizens join to achieve end All citizens join to achieve end Led by revolutionary, secretive elite Led by revolutionary, secretive elite Uses mass media to function, rule Uses mass media to function, rule Desire to remake society radically Desire to remake society radically Often uses violence as means to end Often uses violence as means to end

9. Mass Revolutions Nationalist or Ethnic Sectarian Nationalist or Ethnic Sectarian German, Italian unification movements German, Italian unification movements Young Turks 1890s – 1910s Young Turks 1890s – 1910s Madhi Insurrection 1890s Madhi Insurrection 1890s Filipino Insurrection 1899 – 1902 Filipino Insurrection 1899 – 1902 Iranian 1906 Iranian 1906 Chinese 1911 Chinese 1911 Iraqi 1930s Iraqi 1930s Egyptian 1950s Egyptian 1950s Iran, 1979 Iran, 1979

10. Mass Revolution Rightist and Leftist Radical (Violent) Rightist and Leftist Radical (Violent) Russian Revolutions 1905, 1917-18 Russian Revolutions 1905, 1917-18 Mexican 1910 Mexican 1910 Chinese 1928 – 1949 Chinese 1928 – 1949 Fascist/Nazi Revolutions 1920s - 1945 Fascist/Nazi Revolutions 1920s - 1945 Yugoslav/Albanian/Vietnamese 1945 Yugoslav/Albanian/Vietnamese 1945 Algeria 1950s Algeria 1950s Mai Mai (Kenya) 1950s to 1960s Mai Mai (Kenya) 1950s to 1960s Cuban 1959 Cuban 1959 Nicaragua 1980 Nicaragua 1980

11. 20th CENTURY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION Mass Revolution against oppressive state Mass Revolution against oppressive state Largely Peaceful Largely Peaceful Mobilizes all classes Mobilizes all classes Often religious influence Often religious influence Opposition often uses violence, terror Opposition often uses violence, terror Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence) Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence) Political philosophy largely democratic Political philosophy largely democratic Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror) Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror)

12. 20th CENTURY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION Parts of Indian Revolution 1920s – 1947 Parts of Indian Revolution 1920s – 1947 American Civil Rights 1950s – 1960s American Civil Rights 1950s – 1960s Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1950s - 1989 Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1950s - 1989 Burmese 1980s – 1990s Burmese 1980s – 1990s Poland 1980 Poland 1980 Eastern Europe 1989 Eastern Europe 1989 Philippine 1989 Philippine 1989 Ukrainian, Georgian, Kirghiz 2004 Ukrainian, Georgian, Kirghiz 2004

13. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of a Revolution Every revolution begins with the problems of the Old Regime Every revolution begins with the problems of the Old Regime 1 st stage 1 st stage increasing dissatisfaction with the Old regime, spontaneous acts of protest and violence, overthrow increasing dissatisfaction with the Old regime, spontaneous acts of protest and violence, overthrow 2 nd stage 2 nd stage honeymoon with moderate new government honeymoon with moderate new government 3 rd stage 3 rd stage takeover of the extremists, loss of individualism, the government becomes violent and excessive takeover of the extremists, loss of individualism, the government becomes violent and excessive 4 th stage 4 th stage reestablishment of some sort of equilibrium, rights, etc., usually under a “strongman” reestablishment of some sort of equilibrium, rights, etc., usually under a “strongman”

14. Political Spectrum 1. moderate 2. radical 3. liberal 4. conservative 5. reactionary A. does not want to change existing conditions B. extremist who wants to turn back the clock C. wants far reaching changes D. sides with one side or the other E. stresses individual rights

15. Political Spectrum Moderate Conservative Liberal ReactionaryRadical

16. FRANCE: THE MODEL video video

17. Elements "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity“ "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity“ Tennis Court Oath Tennis Court Oath Weapons obtained from the Bastille Weapons obtained from the Bastille Leaders during different stages of the Revolution Leaders during different stages of the Revolution Act, Edicts, Declarations Act, Edicts, Declarations What is the conflict/Issue/problem What is the conflict/Issue/problem Class conflict Class conflict Desire for political representation Desire for political representation Economic choice Economic choice Opposing sides Opposing sides

18. Estates General 1st 1st clergy clergy 2nd 2nd nobility nobility 3 rd 3 rd Everyone else Everyone else Each had different needs and participated for different reasons and at different levels Each had different needs and participated for different reasons and at different levels

19. Social Classes Estate Role in society Needs 1 st (lesser and greater clergy) Clergy less than 1 % of population owned 10- 15% of land tax free About 100,000 registration of births, marriages and deaths registration of births, marriages and deaths collected the tithe collected the tithe censored books censored books served as moral police served as moral police operated schools and hospitals operated schools and hospitals distributed relief to the poor distributed relief to the poor A decrease in the power of the Monarch and increase in their political power. A decrease in the power of the Monarch and increase in their political power. Maintain their property rights Maintain their property rights 2 nd Nobility less than 2 % of population Exempt from corvee’, gabelle and taille About 400,000 To maintain their current position

20. What is the Third Estate? 1st. What is the third estate? Everything. 2nd. What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing. 3rd. What does it demand? To become something therein. Abbé Sieyès, "What is the third Estate?“ ("Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat?"), January 1789

21. 3 rd Estate (mostly townspeople) 97 % Wants and needs uppermiddlelower drs., merchants artisanspeasants Political Power to match their economic power which meant the elimination of the Monarch (could buy and exemption from taxes) less taxes and lower rent Rewards for their work and food on the table

22. The Path of the Great Fear

23. OLD REGIME LOSES CONTROL The state is economically weak if not bankrupt. The state is economically weak if not bankrupt. Central government is ineffective and cannot enforce its rules and policies. Central government is ineffective and cannot enforce its rules and policies. New ideas circulate which challenge the older traditions. New ideas circulate which challenge the older traditions. Vocally powerful and influential opposition arises. Vocally powerful and influential opposition arises.

24. La Marseilles Allons enfants de la Patrie Le jour de gloire est arrie’ Contre nous, de la tyrannie, L’etandard sanglant est leve’ Entendez-vous, dans la compagnes, Mugir ces farcuches soldats Ills viennent jusque dans nos bras Egoprger vos fils, Vos compunges. Aux armes citoyens! Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons! Qu’un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons Let us go, children of the father land Out day of Glory has arrived Against us stands tyranny, The bloody flag is raised The bloody flag is raised. Do you hear in the countryside The roar of these savage soldiers They come right into our arms To cut the throat of your sons, Your country. To arms, citizens! Form up your battalions Let us march, Let us march! That their impure blood Should water our fields

25. Traditional conservatives seek control The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges. The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation. Short-term event sparks a conflict. Short-term event sparks a conflict. Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict. Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict.

26. The Liberal to moderate phase Liberals create the constitution Liberals create the constitution Broad general changes Broad general changes Immediate reactions Immediate reactions Declaration of the Rights of Man Declaration of the Rights of Man Alter some of relics of feudalism Alter some of relics of feudalism Moderates deal with the issues Moderates deal with the issues Feudalism abolished Feudalism abolished Electorate expanded Electorate expanded Reforms especially economics and political initiated. Reforms especially economics and political initiated.

27. REACTION Conservatives stop reforms. Conservatives stop reforms. franchise limited. franchise limited. Conservatives attempt to hold the process Conservatives attempt to hold the process Radicals feel too slow and conservatives trying arrest the development of the changes Radicals feel too slow and conservatives trying arrest the development of the changes Radicals feel reforms too few Radicals feel reforms too few Radicals mobilize their supporters Radicals mobilize their supporters

28. RADICALS SIEZE CONTROL Radicals take control. Radicals take control. Radicals restructure state. Radicals restructure state. Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society. Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society. The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely. The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely.

29. RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR “The Revolution Eats Its Children” “The Revolution Eats Its Children” Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control. Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control. The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods. The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies.

30. Reaction to the Reign of Terror Reactionaries overthrown radicals Reactionaries overthrown radicals Reestablish moderate regime. Reestablish moderate regime. Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.” Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.” Abandon the more radical reforms. Abandon the more radical reforms. Return some of the privileges/policies of old regime. Return some of the privileges/policies of old regime. Lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms. Lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms.

31. RISE OF A STRONG LEADER Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates. Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates. Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army. Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army. Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies. Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies. Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions. Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions. Revolution ends. Revolution ends.

32. THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE: DOES IT FIT THE MODEL OF A BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION?

33. A CRISIS BUILDS: BRITISH ALIENATE AMERICAN COLONIALS French and Indian Wars Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts The Quebec Act of 1774 The Quebec Act of 1774 Mercantilism vs. Free Trade No taxation without representation Enlightenment ideas Sons of Liberty

34. British seek to maintain the status quo Period lasts from Boston Massacre (1770) through meeting of Continental Congress in Philadelphia and Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775) New Englanders especially merchants and citizens around Boston are “radicals” Most of mid-Atlantic states and citizens are moderates/conciliatory. British colonial bureaucracy and landed aristocracy in the South are conservatives; seek to avert clash by working with Parliament. British government unwilling to compromise.

35. Cooler heads seek to compromise From 1775 to the Declaration of Independence, 1776 through the Battle of Saratoga, 1777 From 1775 to the Declaration of Independence, 1776 through the Battle of Saratoga, 1777 Colonial moderates attempt to initiate changes, compromise, bargain with the British, Parliament Colonial moderates attempt to initiate changes, compromise, bargain with the British, Parliament Many colonists, especially in the southern colonies were skeptical about the wisdom or potential of success for the revolution. Many colonists, especially in the southern colonies were skeptical about the wisdom or potential of success for the revolution. American success at Saratoga, British actions emboldens patriots; war spreads. American success at Saratoga, British actions emboldens patriots; war spreads.

36. COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES COLONIAL GOAL France enters the war (1778) until the end Battle of Yorktown (1783) Moderate colonials struggling against the more radical elements within the revolutionaries. British move south into Middle Atlantic and later Deep South; commit many atrocities War spreads as other Europeans attack UK.

37. PATRIOTS WIN! Look upon Articles of Confederation as moderate constitution, with which some were not happy. Radicals are represented by people such as Thomas Paine, Sons of Liberty and to a lesser extent Thomas Jefferson. Even federalist ideas are radical. The radical victories are the Battle of Yorktown and the Treaty of Paris, breaking all ties with England.

38. AMERICAN REIGN OF TERROR The radical reign of terror was the expulsion of the Loyalists to Canada, and the confiscation of their property. Americans war on pro-British Indians and open western lands to settlement. Begin resettlement of Indians. Proportionally to French émigrés, who fled/were guillotined, loyalist expulsions and resettlements were greater.

39. AMERICAN MODERATES PREDOMINATE The period from 1781-1789 “United States” governed by Articles of Confederation. States re-establish many precolonial social, economic patterns. Ruling elites based on landed, property wealth, not nobility Episcopalians predominate (old Church of England) Many states openly trade with British Radical ideas unpopular

40. STRONG INSTITUTIONS STABILIZE REVOLUTION Calling of the Constitution Convention in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in Articles of Confederation. Many people upset by moderate restoration because it was not working. US Constitution was coup d’etat. Calling of the Constitution Convention in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in Articles of Confederation. Many people upset by moderate restoration because it was not working. US Constitution was coup d’etat. Rise of federalist idea with strong central government instead of a confederation is the consolidation of a “strong leader” Rise of federalist idea with strong central government instead of a confederation is the consolidation of a “strong leader” George Washington as a national military leader, who can calm rebellions and unite the people, are the synthesis period of the revolution represented in one man. George Washington as a national military leader, who can calm rebellions and unite the people, are the synthesis period of the revolution represented in one man.

41. MEXICAN REVOLUTION WAS IT BOURGEOIS OR AN EXAMPLE OF A MASS 20 TH Century REVOLUTION?

42. DIAZ LOSES CONTROL Porfirio Diaz’s Dictatorship President for life Centralized bureaucracy Conciliatory towards church Appropriated Indian communal lands Favored large landowners Impoverished peasants, debt peonage Limited participation by small middle class Many rebellions by peasants, Indians Encouraged foreign investment Development of wealth for export Resources owned by foreigners

43. DIAZ SEEKS TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO Many Opponents to Rule Parties organized to oppose Diaz Workers protest labor conditions Madero runs for presidency Diaz negates election Imprisons Madero Opposes changes Reaffirms status quo

44. EARLY REVOLUTION 1907 Economic Depression 1907 Economic Depression 1910 Revolt 1910 Revolt Country run by elites Country run by elites Corrupt government Corrupt government Weakened military Weakened military Prosperity benefits small middle class Prosperity benefits small middle class Modern economy but few own most Modern economy but few own most Impoverished countryside, revolts Impoverished countryside, revolts Discontent among elite, middle class Discontent among elite, middle class Massive social revolution Massive social revolution Madero revolt overthrews Diaz Madero revolt overthrews Diaz

45. REACTION TO MODERATES Liberal Madero as president, 1910 – 1913 Opposes land reform Political reforms antagonize military, US Zapata’s Plan de Ayala All land, waters, woods back to the hacendados In regions he controls, returns lands 1913 Military Rebellion Attacks National Palace Military with US support arrests Madero murdered Installs Huerta as president

46. RADICAL REACTION Revolutionary Forces unite Zapata, Villa, Carranza, Obregon Revolt against Huerta 1914: Vera Cruz Incident Mexicans arrest US sailors US bombards Veracruz Huerta resigns after election due to US pressure Constitutionalist army takes Mexico City Carranza becomes president Zapata, Villa depose president Institute a radical system of changes

47. MEXICAN CIVIL WAR 1915 Civil War as Reign of Terror Country divided into warring provinces Country divided into warring provinces Competing policies Competing policies Murders, assassinations, brutality Murders, assassinations, brutality Constitutionalists under Carranza Constitutionalists under Carranza Army seizes Mexico City Army seizes Mexico City Constitutionalists occupy Yucatan Constitutionalists occupy Yucatan Ends debt peonage Ends debt peonage Mobilized workers, peasants for revolution Mobilized workers, peasants for revolution Villa defeated by Constitutionalist Army Villa defeated by Constitutionalist Army Villa raids US after US supports Carranza Villa raids US after US supports Carranza

48. Reactionary return End of War as Moderate victory 1917 Constitution Advanced nationalist, radical views Universal male suffrage (hostile to women) Power, property of Church restricted Free, secular, obligatory primary education Returned lands seized illegally Curbed foreign ownership 8 hour work day Minimum wage Strikes legal

49. STABILIZED REVOLUTION Carranza elected president Swung revolution to far-right Nationalist favoring elite ideologies Opposed education Opposed land reform Suppressed workers’ unions, revolts 1919 – 1924 Zapata captured, killed New leaders oppose Carranza Generals stage coup, kill Carranza Frequent revolts, assassinations Rise of Calles as strong man Ruled Mexico directly, indirectly for a decade Ruled through military, provincial allies He picked presidential candidates Put down Catholic revolt (Cristeros) Nationalized Church property Institutes some reforms

50. OTHER REVOLUTIONS Application and Evaluation Level Application and Evaluation Level Does the Industrial Revolution conform to the model? If so, how? Does the Industrial Revolution conform to the model? If so, how? Should the Industrial Revolution be studied with political revolutions? Should the Industrial Revolution be studied with political revolutions?

51. ELECTRONIC LINKS Internet History Sourcebooks Project Internet History Sourcebooks Project http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/