1. System integrity The term system integrity has the following meanings: That condition of a system where in its specified operational and technical parameters are within the prescribed limits. The quality of an AIS when it performs its intended function in an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized manipulation of the system.

2. System integrity The state that exists when there is complete assurance that under all conditions an IT system is based on the logical correctness and reliability of the operating system, the logical completeness of the hardware and software that implement the protection mechanisms, and data integrity.

3. Data integrity Data integrity is data that have a complete or whole structure. All characteristics of the data including rules for how pieces of data relate, dates, and definitions must be correct for data to be complete.

4. Data integrity Data that has integrity is identically maintained during any operation (such as transfer, storage or retrieval). Data integrity is the assurance that data is consistent, certified and can be reliable.

5. How is data integrity obtained? (1) Accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record. Data integrity is imposed within a database at its design stage through the use of standard rules and procedures, and is maintained through the use of error checking and validation routines.

6. How is data integrity obtained? (2) Exact duplication of the sent data at the receiving end, achieved through the use of error checking and correcting protocols.

7. Integrity Checking Taxonomy 1- Scope of assurance I. Avoidance II. Detection III. Correction 2- Logical Layer I. Hardware II. File System III. User Level 3-Cheking Mode I. Online II. Offline

8. Scope of assurance Avoidance Read-only Storage - Journaling - Cryptographic File Systems - Transactional File Systems Detection Checksumming - Mirroring- Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) - Parity Correction Backup