1. Search for the electron’s EDM E.A. Hinds PCPV, Mahabaleshwar, 22 February 2013 Centre for Cold Matter Imperial College London Is the electron round?

2. + + + + polarisable vacuum with increasingly rich structure at shorter distances: (anti)leptons, (anti)quarks, Higgs (standard model) beyond that: supersymmetric particles ………? How a point electron gets structure - point electron

3. electron spin + - edm Electric dipole moment (EDM) T + - If the electron has an EDM, nature has chosen one of these, breaking T symmetry... CP

4. Left - Right other SUSY Multi Higgs MSSM 10 -24 10 -22 10 -26 10 -28 10 -30 10 -32 10 -34 10 -36 eEDM (e.cm) Standard Model 4 The interesting region of sensitivity Theoretical estimates of eEDM Insufficient CP to make universe of matter ee  selectron

5. electron de de Suppose d e = 5 x 10 -28 e.cm (the region we explore) In a field of 10kV/cm d e   E _ 1 nHz ~ This is very small E = 1 x 10 -19 e.a 0 When does  B. B equal this ? B _ 1 fG ~ The magnetic moment problem 5

6. A clever solution E electric field de de  amplification atom or molecule containing electron (Sandars) For more details, see E. A. H. Physica Scripta T70, 34 (1997) Interaction energy -d e  E  F P F P Polarization factor Structure-dependent relativistic factor  Z 3 6

7. Our experiment uses a polar molecule – YbF  EDM interaction energy is a million times larger (mHz)  needs “only” nG stray B field control Amplification in YbF 15 GV/cm 7

8. Pulsed YbF beam Pump laser Probe laser PMT 3K beam rf pulse HV+ HV- How it is done rf pulse B

9. Measuring the edm Applied magnetic field Detector count rate B -E E Interferometer phase  = 2(  B + d e  E)  /  -  d e -B 9

10. Modulate everything Generalisation of phase-sensitive detection Measure all 512 correlations. E·B correlation gives EDM signal ±E ±B ±B±B ±rf2f ±rf1f ±rf2a ±rf1a ±laser f ±rf  spin interferometer signal 9 switches: 512 possible correlations 10

11. ** Don’t look at the mean edm ** We don’t know what result to expect. Still, to avoid inadvertent bias we hide the mean edm. An offset is added that only the computer knows. More important than you might think. –e.g. Jeng, Am. J. Phys. 74 (7), 2006. 11

12. 2011 Data: 6194 measurements (~6 min each) at 10 kV/cm. bootstrap method determines probability distribution 12 -550 Gaussian distribution Distribution of edm/  edm 2 1 0 -2 EDM (10 -25 e.cm) 25 million beam shots

13. Measuring the other 511 correlations correlationmean  mean/  fringe slope calibration beam intensity  -switch changes rf amplitude E drift E asymmetry inexact π pulse The rest are zero (as they should be) ! 13 Only now remove blind from EDM

14. Current status d e = (-2.4  5.7  1.5) ×10 -28 e.cm 68% statistical systematic - limited by statistical noise d e < 1 × 10 -27 e.cm with 90% confidence Previous result - Tl atoms d e < 1.6 × 10 -27 e.cm with 90% confidence 2011 result – YbF Hudson et al. (Nature 2011) Regan et al. (PRL 2002) Dzuba/Flambaum (PRL 2009) Nataraj et al. (PRL 2011) 14 Kara et al. NJP 14, 103051 (2012)

15. Left - Right other SUSY Multi Higgs MSSM 10 -24 10 -22 10 -26 10 -28 10 -30 10 -32 10 -34 10 -36 eEDM (e.cm) We are starting to explore this region Standard Model d e < 1 x 10 -27 e.cm New excluded region 15

16. How we will improve Phase 1 Small upgrades: 3 x improvement – in progress Phase 2 Cryogenic source of YbF – almost ready Phase 3 Laser-cooled molecular fountain – being developed 16

17. Phase 1: Now making a 2  10 -28 e.cm EDM measurement Longer interferometer Lower background 2.5  sensitivity 65432 1 0 Stray Bx E direction E magnitude Stray By Pump pol. Probe pol. Pump freq Probe freq F=1 detect Max uncertainty (10 -29 e.cm) Systematics emphasised total < 10 -28 e.cm Defects emphasised

18. Phase 2 - cryogenic buffer gas source of YbF YbF beam YAG ablation laser 3K He gas cell Yb+AlF 3 target 18

19. Cryogenic beam spectrum  Rotational temperature: 4 ± 1 K  Translational temperature: 5 ± 1 K 19 10  more molecules/pulse => 10  better EDM signal:noise ratio 4  longer interaction time (slower beam) => access to mid 10 -29 e.cm range

20. 3K beam source laser cooling 1/2 sec flight time (instead of 1/2 ms) Phase 3 – a molecular fountain Laser cooling => 6  10 -31 e.cm statistical (in 8 hrs) detection guide HV+HV- He rf pulse 20 Tarbutt et al. arXiv:1302.2870

21. Other eEDM experiments in preparation WC : 3 Δ 1 ground state Leanhardt group, Michigan Acme collaboration, Harvard/YaleThO : 3 Δ 1 metastable HfF + : 3 Δ 1 ground state Cornel Group JILA Atom experiments in preparation Cs in optical lattice: Weiss group, Penn State (next year?) Heinzen group, Texas (2 years?) Fr in a MOT: Tohoku/Osaka (starting 2014)

22. d(muon) < 1.9×10 -19 10 -20 10 -22 10 -24 d e.cm 1960197019801990 2000 201020202030 Current status of EDMs d(proton) < 5×10 -24 d(electron) < 1×10 -27 neutron : Left-Right MSSM Multi Higgs electron: 10 -28 10 -29 d(neutron) < 3×10 -26 10 -26 YbF 22

23. Summary Atto-eV molecular spectroscopy tells us about TeV particle physics: specifically probes CP violation (how come we’re here?) 23 the electron is too round for MSSM! e- EDM is a direct probe of physics beyond SM Left - Right other SUSY Multi Higgs MSSM 10 -24 10 -22 10 -26 10 -28 10 -30 we see a way to reach <10 -30

24. Thanks to my colleagues... EDM measurement: Joe Smallman Jack Devlin Dhiren Kara Buffer gas cooling: Sarah Skoff Nick Bulleid Rich Hendricks Laser cooling: Thom Wall Aki Matsushima Valentina Zhelyazkova Anne Cournol Jony Hudson Ben Sauer Mike Tarbutt