2. 6/2007

3. When you’re working keep saying to yourself -- I CAN DO IT I WILL DO IT!

4. Anatomy and Physiology Form and Function

5. What is Anatomy ? What is Physiology? Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy-Histology Ultramicroscopic Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Cross-sectional Anatomy Regional Anatomy Embryology Pathology General Physiology Systemic Physiology Cellular Physiology

6. Scientific Method Ask a question Collection information Form a hypothesis Design an experiment to collect data that will support of reject the hypothesis –Control –Variable Collect date Analysis of data Draw conclusions Repeat experiments Share with scientific community, publish

7. Experimental Design Sample size Controls Psychosomatic effects Experimental bias Statistical testing

8. What is Life? Organization Cellular composition Biochemical unity Metabolism Responsiveness Homeostasis Development Growth Reproduction Evolution

9. Cell Theory Schleiden - botanist Schwann- zoologist Virchow- biologist CELL THEORY –All living things are composed of cells –Cells come from pre-existing cells by cell reproduction

10. Early Compound Microscopes The first cells seen were plant cell walls in a section of dried cork.

11. Human Structure- A Hierarchy of Complexity Least inclusive to most: Subatomic particles Atom Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism

12. Hierarchy of complexity organism is composed of organ systems organ systems composed of organs organs composed of tissues tissues composed of cells

13. Hierarchy of Complexity 2 Cells contain organelles Organelles composed of molecules Molecules composed of atoms

14. Anatomical Variation No 2 humans are exactly alike –variable number of organs –variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

15. Atlas A: General Orientation to Human Anatomy Anatomical position Anatomical planes Surface anatomy Body cavities and membranes Organ systems

16. Early Medical Illustrations

17. Definition –Standing erect –legs parallel –feet with toes pointing forward –Arms at side with palms supine

18. Anterior - Posterior Dorsal - Ventral Cranial - Caudad Proximal - Distal Superficial - Deep Medial - Lateral Cortical - Medullary Central - Peripheral

19. Dorsal Cavity Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Ventral Cavity - Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

20. Midsagittal Plane Parasagittal Plane Frontal Plane Horizontal Plane - Cross section Coronal Plane

21. Cross sectional view

24. Homeostasis Body attempts to maintain a steady state

25. Positive Feedback Loops Self-amplifying change –leads to change in the same direction Normal way of producing rapid changes –occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

26. Structure of Feedback Loop Receptor = senses change Integrator = control center that responds Effector = structures that restore homeostasis

27. Human Thermoregulation Brain senses change in blood temperature –if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins –if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

28. Control of Blood Pressure Circulatory stretch receptors –detect a rise in BP Cardiac center in brainstem –sends out nerve signals Heart slowed and BP lowered

29. Negative Feedback, Set Point Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

30. Negative Feedback Loop Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

31. Useful Tables in Textbook

32. Medical Imaging Radiography (x rays) –William Roentgen - 1885 –penetrate soft tissues and darken photographic film –dense tissue remains white Radiopaque substances –injected or swallowed –hollow structures blood vessels intestinal tract

33. Medical Imaging Computed Tomography (CT scan) –low-intensity X rays and computer analysis »slice type image »increased sharpness Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –slice type image –best for soft tissue –Mechanics »magnetic field aligns atoms »radio waves realign the atoms »radio turned off »atoms realign to the magnetic field »energy given off depending on tissue type

34. Medical Imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) –assesses metabolic state –mechanics »inject labeled glucose positrons and electrons collide gamma rays given off »analyzed by computer image glucose usage

35. Medical Imaging Sonography –mechanics »high-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs –avoids harmful x rays –obstetrics –2 nd most commonly used technique

36. Anatomical Terminology Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots Naming confusion during the Renaissance –same structures with different names –structures named after people (eponyms) Search for uniform international terminology –1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms »each structure = unique Latin name –Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998

37. Analyzing Medical Terms Terminology based on word elements –lexicon (Appendix C) Scientific terms –one root (stem) with core meaning –combining vowels join roots –prefix modifies core meaning –suffix modifies core meaning –Acronyms »first few letters of series of words

38. Review of Major Themes Cell theory –activity of cells determine structure and function Homeostasis –maintaining stable internal conditions Evolution –our body evolved by natural selection Hierarchy of structure –levels of complexity Unity of form and function –physiology is inseparable from anatomy

39. Now, Let’s get started!!! Study every minute Practice, practice, practice!! Be on time Get your money’s worth Become an anatomist