1.  Humans normally have 2 kidneys however, they can function quite normally with 1  This allows kidney transplant to be possible  Donating 1 kidney to someone else

2.  First kidney transplant 1954  Peter Bent Brighton donated to his twin brother who was suffering kidney disease  Recipient was able to live another 8 years  Donor lived another 50 years

3.  Kidney transplant is a very long process  Must find a match where  Blood type, antigen type and cross match all match

4. If your blood type is: You can donate to these blood types: TYPE OTYPE O, A, B, AB TYPE ATYPE A, AB TYPE BTYPE B, AB TYPE AB Blood types must match Different blood types have anti-bodies against other blood types

5.  HLA Typing  HLA stands for human leukocyte antigen  Antigens are proteins on the cells in the body  six that have been shown to be the most important in organ transplantation  Of these six antigens, we inherit three from each parent  Very rare to find a match of all 6 antigens (1 in 100 000)  Can still reject kidney even with a match of 6 antigens

6.  Cross Matching  Blood from the donor and recipient are mixed  If the recipient’s cells attack and kill the donor cells, the crossmatch is considered positive.  This means the recipient has antibodies “against” the donor’s cells.  If the crossmatch is negative, the pair is considered compatible.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5NyHVjROj0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5NyHVjROj0

7.  Any ethical issues?  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ur7WRvh_ un4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ur7WRvh_ un4  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- tcAFhAfC2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- tcAFhAfC2k  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a- zDqtjRMok https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a- zDqtjRMok

8.  Two needles are inserted into blood stream  Plastic tubes attached to these needles connect them to a special filter called a dialyzer or artificial kidney  The blood leaves your body via one needle, and is pumped through the dialyzer.  There is an artificial membrane in the dialyzer. It removes wastes and extra fluid.

9.  The clean blood is then returned to your body via another needle or port inserted into your fistula, or through a tube into your vascular access catheter.  Both needles are removed at the end of the session.  Only a small amount of blood (about 200ml or less than 1 cup) is outside your body at any one time.  Hemodialysis usually needs to be performed three times a week. Each treatment takes 3 to 6 hours.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQKQ4eoKfTg