1. Chapter 15, Section EXPLORATION OF THE NEW WORLD

2. Chapter 15, Section Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas? As Europe’s population recovered from the Black Death, the demand for trade goods grew. Europeans wanted spices. European merchants wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia. Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the Muslims. Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to learn about distant lands. 1

3. Chapter 15, Section Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609 1

4. Chapter 15, Section Ch 6 I.Motives and Means Europeans had long been attracted to Asia since Marco Polo’s account of his travel to the exotic east. The desire for wealth was a large part of European expansion. Another motive was religious, the desire to spread the Catholic faith to native peoples.

5. Chapter 15, Section Ch 6 cont Adventure and Glory comprised another motive for European expansion. “God, Gold, and Glory,” then, were the motives. Europeans also reached a level of technology that made a series of regular, long voyages possible. Europeans acquired much of this technology from Arabs.

6. Chapter 15, Section MOTIVATING FORCES FOR EXPLORATION Economic: –Gold –Natural resources –Trade Religious Competition for empire and belief in superiority of own culture

7. Chapter 15, Section Ch6 II. The Portuguese Trading Empire Portugal took the lead in European exploration. In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of Africa. They found gold.

8. Chapter 15, Section In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip, called Cape of Good Hope. Later, Vasco da Gama went around the cape and cut across the Indian ocean. He took a cargo of spices and returned to make a profit of several thousand percent. The route became well traveled.

9. Chapter 15, Section Portugal’s Voyages to the East By the 1400s, Portugal had expanded into Muslim North Africa. Henry the Navigator sent ships to explore the western coast of Africa. In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of Calicut in India. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa, later called the Cape of Good Hope. In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut. The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire. 1

10. Chapter 15, Section

11. Columbus’s Voyages to the West Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the Indies. He had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies. 1

12. Chapter 15, Section III. Voyages to the Americas The Portuguese sailed east to reach the source of the spice trade, the Spanish sailed west to find it. Christopher Columbus knew the world was round, but had little understanding of its circumference or of the size of the continent of Asia.

13. Chapter 15, Section Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing west. Queen Isabella of Spain financed Columbus journeys. In 1492, he reached the coastline of Cuba and the island of Hispaniola. Columbus believed he reached Asia. Columbus reached all the major islands of the Caribbean in Central America – all of which he called India

14. Chapter 15, Section IV.A line of Demarcation Spain and Portugal feared that others would claim some of its newly discovered land. They agreed on a line of demarcation- dividing their new domains According to the Treaty of Tordesillas the line would extend from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of South America

15. Chapter 15, Section Unexplored territories to the east would belong to Portugal = Africa Unexplored territories to the west would belong to Spain = Americas

16. Chapter 15, Section Amerigo Vespucci went on several voyages and wrote letters describing the lands he saw. These letters led to the use of the name America.

17. Chapter 15, Section V. The Spanish Empire The Spanish conquerors of the Americas were known as conquistadors Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztec Empire Francisco Pizarro took control of the Incan Empire The Spanish created a system of colonial administration in the Americas, and Queen Isabella declared Native Americans to be her subjects, or slaves.

18. Chapter 15, Section VI. Economic Impact on competition Europeans wanted silver and gold whenever they went to the Americas Portuguese expansion in the East also created an economic impact. Other Europeans soon sought similar economic benefits for themselves The extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds known as the Columbian Exchange transformed economic activity in both worlds

19. Chapter 15, Section Columbian Exchange From America – –Corn –Potatoes –Beans –Chocolate –Buffalo –Beaver –Parrots

20. Chapter 15, Section From Europe - Oranges Onions Sheep Horses Cattle Honeybees Pigs Chickens Diseases (?) FLU MEASLES

21. Chapter 15, Section By the end of the 16 th century, several new European rivals entered the scene for the eastern trade Spain = Philippine Islands England = India Dutch = India England = Americas France = Americas

22. Chapter 15, Section VII. Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism Colonies played a role in mercantilism, a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 1600’s Mercantilist thought the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold or silver Balance of Trade is the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports overtime

23. Chapter 15, Section Balboa saw Pacific Ocean by crossing Panama

24. Chapter 15, Section Ponce de Leon explored Florida

25. Chapter 15, Section Magellan Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world.

26. Chapter 15, Section Ferdinand Magellan

27. Chapter 15, Section

28. Francisco Coronado Coronado Butte in Grand Canyon

29. Chapter 15, Section

31. Hernando De Soto

32. Chapter 15, Section Spanish Fort in St. Augustine, Florida

33. Chapter 15, Section St. Augustine Fort

34. Chapter 15, Section

36. Explorers for Great Britain –John Cabot discovered the New England coastline in his unsuccessful quest to find a Northwest passage to Asia. Henry Hudson explored what would become known as the Hudson River. Explorers for France –Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River. –Samuel de Champlain claims Quebec –Marquette, Joliet, and La Salle explore the Mississippi river.

37. Chapter 15, Section Jacques Marquette Louis Joliet

38. Chapter 15, Section

39. La Salle explored the Great Lakes and discovered mouth of the Mississippi River

40. Chapter 15, Section English sailor Henry Hudson claimed New York for the Dutch

41. Chapter 15, Section Canada

42. Chapter 15, Section John Cabot

43. Chapter 15, Section Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. Section 1 Assessment 1

44. Chapter 15, Section Section 1 Assessment 1 Who was the first European explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa? a) Ferdinand Magellan b) Bartholomeu Dias c) Vasco da Gama d) Jacques Cartier Christopher Columbus set out to a) reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. b) reach the Americas by sailing west across the Atlantic. c) reach the Indies by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa. d) reach the Americas by sailing east around the southern tip of Africa.