1. Wars, Rebellion, and the Rise of Nation States History 103 The West and the World

2. Focus Questions What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century? What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century? What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the sixteenth century? What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the sixteenth century?

3. Protestant Reformation John Calvin 1509-1564

4. Protestant Reformaton:Calvinism “Original sin... appears to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused through all the parts of the soul, rendering us obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and producing in us... ‘works of the flesh.’” Institutes of the Christian Religion (p. 229).

5. Protestant Reformation:Calvinism “Predestination we call the eternal degree of God, by which he has determined in himself, what he would have to become of every individual of mankind... Eternal life is foreordained for some, and eternal damnation for others.” Institutes of the Christian Religion (p. 145)

6. Religions in Europe

7. Religious Situation in Europe

8. Henry VIII (1491-1547) Reign 1509-1547 English Reformation Catherine of Aragon 1385-1536

9. English Reformation Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell –Marriage Annulment in English Ecclesiastical Court (1533) –Act of Supremacy (1534), Monarch Declared Supreme Head of Church of England –Treason Act –Thomas More

10. Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of ClevesCatherine Howard Catherine Parr

11. Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Reign 1558-1603 Edward VI 1547-1553 Mary Tudor 1553-1558

12. Ignatius of Loyola (1490-1556) and the Jesuits Biography Biography Society of Jesus Society of Jesus Spiritual Exercises Spiritual Exercises Schools and Education Schools and Education The Miracles of St. Ignatius, Rubens 1617

13. COUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-1563 Internal Reform of Corruption in Church Internal Reform of Corruption in Church Affirms that both Faith & Good Works Necessary for Salvation Affirms that both Faith & Good Works Necessary for Salvation Intersession of Saints, Indulgences, Purgatory Intersession of Saints, Indulgences, Purgatory Affirms the Importance of Bible & Tradition Affirms the Importance of Bible & Tradition Affirms the Validity of Seven Sacraments Affirms the Validity of Seven Sacraments Affirms Transubstantiation Affirms Transubstantiation

14. Wars of Religion Dynastic & Religious: Political, Religious & Ideological Dynastic & Religious: Political, Religious & Ideological Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Peace of Augsburg 1555 – cujus regio, ejus religio Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Peace of Augsburg 1555 – cujus regio, ejus religio French Wars of Religion,1562-1598 French Wars of Religion,1562-1598 Revolt in the Netherlands, 1566-1609 Revolt in the Netherlands, 1566-1609

15. Charles V, 1500-58 Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-56 Hapsburg vs Valois Francis I, 1494-47 King of France, 1515-47

16. French Wars of Religion,1562-1598 Catholic vs Huguenot Catholic vs Huguenot Major Families – Valois, Guise, Bourbon Major Families – Valois, Guise, Bourbon Henry II (1547-1559) Valois Dynasty Henry II (1547-1559) Valois Dynasty –Francis II (1559-1560) –Charles IX (1560-1574) –Henry III (1574-1589) Henry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon Dynasty Henry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon Dynasty Edict of Nantes, 1598 Edict of Nantes, 1598

17. Catherine de' Medici 1519-1589 Power Behind the Throne During The French Wars of Religion

18. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, August 23, 1572 Religious Violence Religious Violence The Importance of the State in Catholic Revival The Importance of the State in Catholic Revival

19. Henry IV of France 1589-1610 As Duc of Navarre he was the Leader of the Huguenots. Established the Bourbon Dynasty in France

20. Philip II 1556-1598 King of Spain and Ruler of the Netherlands and the Spanish Colonial Empire

21. United Provinces, Spanish Netherlands

22. Duke of Alba Enters Netherlands in 1567 William of Orange Leads Rebellion in 1568

23. The Spanish Armanda, 1588

24. The Thirty Years’ War

25. Wars of Religion The Horror of the Religious Wars leaves a lasting impression on Europe and gives rise to Serious Debates Over the Issue of Religious Toleration Big Question: What is the Proper Role of the State in Matters of Religion?