1. America: Past and Present Chapter 1
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NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS
America: Past and Present
Chapter 1 1 1 1 1

2. Native American Histories before Conquest
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Native American Histories before Conquest
20,000 years ago—Ice Age “Land Bridge.”
14,000 years ago--Humans reach southern point of South America.
These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicable diseases 2 2 2 2

3. Routes of the First Americans
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Routes of the First Americans 2 2 2 2

4. The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
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The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture
Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat
5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution
Crops include maize, squash, and beans
Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities 2 2 2 2

5. Mysterious Disappearances
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Mysterious Disappearances
Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon
Sophisticated irrigation
Well-built roads for transportation
Pueblo “apartment” buildings
Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley
Large ceremonial mounds
Extensive trade network
Cahokia (in Illinois) —Mississippi Valley
Far-flung trade network
[had evolved from Ohio Valley civilization] 2 2 2 2

6. Aztec Dominance Aztecs settle valley of Mexico
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Aztec Dominance
Aztecs settle valley of Mexico
Center of large, powerful empire
Highly organized social and political structure
Rule through fear and force 3 3 3 3

7. Eastern Woodland Cultures
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
Atlantic Coast of North America
Native Americans lived in smaller bands
Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering
Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers
Spoke Algonquian, which included many dialects
Formed confederacies, ie Iroquois League 4 4 4 4

8. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
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Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

9. 04/06/98
Threats to Survival:
TRADE created a dependency on Europeans, ultimately made Native craftsmanship obsolete.
DISEASE killed millions of Native people, even before Europeans set foot in North America. (smallpox, measles, influenza) 7 7 7 7

10. West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
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West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies
Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures
Islam
Strong traditional beliefs
A history of empires
Mali
Ghana
Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans 10 10 10 10

11. 04/06/98
Trade Routes in Africa 10 10 10 10

12. Beginnings of the Slave Trade
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Beginnings of the Slave Trade
15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves 11 11 11 11

13. How Many Slaves? 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year
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How Many Slaves?
17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year
18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas
By ca. 11 million
Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas. 1 12 12 12

14. Europe on the Eve of Conquest
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Europe on the Eve of Conquest
Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained
rise of nation-states
spread of new technologies - ie printing press
Renewal of interest in the wider world
1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization 12 13 13 13

15. Building New Nation-States
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Building New Nation-States
Population growth after 1450
“New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces
Spain
France
England
“Middle class” a new source of revenue
Powerful military forces deployed 13 14 14 14

16. 04/06/98
Imagining a New World
Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization
Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization and for using slave labor. 14 15 15 15

17. 04/06/98
Myths and Reality
Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”
1492--Initial voyage
Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient
Made possible Spanish dominion in America 15 16 16 16

18. 04/06/98
The Conquistadores
Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands
By Major Caribbean islands decimated
By Cortés destroys Aztec Empire (Moctezuma)
de Soto explores Southeast
Coronado explores Southwest 16 17 17 17

19. Voyages of European Exploration
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Voyages of European Exploration 16 17 17 17

20. From Plunder to Settlement
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From Plunder to Settlement
Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors
Large land grants
Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute
Appointed officials answer only to Crown
Catholic Church
Advocates for Indian rights (Bartolomeo de las Casas)
Performs mass conversions
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World
Unmarried males intermarry
Mixed-blood population emerges (mestizo and mulatto) 17 18 18 18

21. Portugal
Had turned down Columbus’ proposed expedition in favor of sailing around Africa (very profitably)
Treaty of Tordesillas gave Portugal a large swath of land in South America (Brazil)

22. The French Claim Canada
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The French Claim Canada
Fur trade underpins economy, little settlement of families, etc.
Indians become valued trading partners 18 19 19 19

23. The English Enter the Competition
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The English Enter the Competition
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) – 1st recorded transatlantic voyage by an English ship in 1497
Makes claims of New World territory possible under Henry VIII (r )
Colonization under Elizabeth would be fueled by a nationalist, anti-Catholic (anti-Spanish) spirit. 19 20 20 20

24. Protestantism Lutheran Reformation Calvinist Reformation
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Protestantism
Lutheran Reformation
God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
Justification by faith alone for salvation
Calvinist Reformation
John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence
Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation
Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe
France—Huguenots
Scotland—Presbyterians
England—Puritans 20 22 22 22

25. Birth of English Protestantism
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Birth of English Protestantism
English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation
1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany
1536--John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva
Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics 21 21 21 21

26. The English Reformation
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The English Reformation
Tudor monarchs bring political unity
Reformation under Henry Vlll (r ) strengthens Crown
Religious “see-saw” under Edward (Prot.), Mary (Catholic), Elizabeth (Prot.) 20 22 22 22

27. Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch
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Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I ( ) a very capable monarch
Elizabeth introduces Via Media
Protestant Doctrine
“Catholic” Ritual
Ends religious turmoil in England
Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England
England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers 20 22 22 22

28. Religion, War, and Nationalism
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Religion, War, and Nationalism
Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood
Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes
Spanish Armada defeated 22 23 23 23

29. Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
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Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement
English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World
To the English the Irish were wild and barbaric
They would view Native Americans the same way
One way of justifying Irish land grab was the “inefficient” way the Irish farmed.
Brutality fostered long-term resentment. 23 24 24 24

30. An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
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An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584
He named the region Virginia after the “Virgin Queen”
The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587
The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery 26 25 25 25

31. Campaign to Sell America
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Campaign to Sell America
By 1600 no English settlements in New World
Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization
Claimed that England needs American colonies
Book, The Principall Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, spurred colonization. 26 25 25 25

32. What is ethnocentrism?
Columbian Exchange?
“Age of Discovery” reloaded . . .