2. Rome: Republic To Empire 500 BC-14 AD I.Rome’s Rise A.Origins/Geography B.Politics II.Expansion Why/How? III.War-Lords A.Military Power B.Caesar (100-44 BC) V.Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) A.Rise B.“Pax Romana” Key Terms Roman Constitution Consul Roman Citizenship Julius Caesar Octavian/Augustus Dole

3. Mythology & Founding Rome Romulus & Remus founded Rome. Their father, the god Mars, left them to die but were saved by a she-wolf.

4. Ancient Italy People first lived in area about 1400 BC Tiber River was crucial for farming and transportation

5. Roman Constitution (Three “Branches” To Check The Others) Consuls had supreme military and political power.

6. Office Of Consul Consuls introduced legislation & led armies. Two were elected to a term of one year each & each could block or veto the actions of the other. The Senate could name one consul “dictator” for six months in times of crisis.

7. Roman Constitution (Three “Branches” To Check The Others) Senate-about 300 men from “leading” families; controlled finances and foreign policy. Consuls had supreme military and political power. Assemblies-included all adult male citizens who voted on all laws (but usually followed advice of Senate).

8. Rome’s Rise (By 265 BC Italy Was United With Rome As Its Capital)

9. Roman Conquest 1.The Romans had the best trained and equipped forces & were large in number (ages 16-60).

10. Roman Army Divided into Legions (5,500-6,000 troops) Subdivided into Centuries with different specialties Cavalry

11. Helmut & Gladius Initially they were leather, then bronze Gladius = Most important weapon

12. Roman Soldiers Wearing armor Wearing helmet & shield VERY highly trained & disciplined Largely ate a vegetarian diet Cowardice = Unforgivable sin Soldiers received little or no pay

13. Roman Conquest 2.Local rule and Citizenship was granted to many they conquered; all rebellion was CRUSHED. 1.The Romans had the best trained and equipped forces & were large in number (ages 16-60).

14. Roman Citizenship 1.Included: All over 15 whose parents were citizens or individuals granted citizenship. 2.Rights: Immunity from torture; right to appeal & suffrage (vote—for males). 3.Responsibilities: Military Service (males 16- 60); can’t hold office unless 10 year military veteran.

15. Roman Conquest 3.Romans built roads of that literally bound the empire together. 1.The Romans had the best trained and equipped forces that were large in number (ages 16-60). 2.Local rule and Citizenship was granted to many they conquered; all rebellion was CRUSHED.

16. War-Lords & Military Power Military leaders eventually had a tremendous amount of political power; they brought wealth (tax money) to the state.

17. Gaius Julius Caesar From a wealthy family. Commissioner of public works. 59 BC elected consul. Successfully conquered Gaul. Won the civil war and was named dictator. (100-44 BC)

18. Caesar’s Impact Today Updated the calendar (365 days). Month of his birth is July. Caesarian Section…?

19. Augustus (31 BC-14 AD) Ushered in the “Pax Romana”— tremendous prosperity

20. Octavian/Augustus’s Pax Romana 1.Decentralized government by allowing more local government. 2.Improved city life. 3. Established the dole. 4. Instituted religious and social reform. Laws curbed adultery and pre-marital sex & rewarded large families.

21. Rome: Republic To Empire 500 BC-14 AD I.Rome’s Rise A.Origins/Geography B.Politics II.Expansion Why/How? III.War-Lords A.Military Power B.Caesar (100-44 BC) V.Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) A.Rise B.“Pax Romana” Key Terms Roman Constitution Consul Roman Citizenship Julius Caesar Octavian/Augustus Dole