1. Early Latin America
1492 – 1788
The Conquistadores were Iberian men who came to the "new world" in search of social and economic advancement. They were generally men whom had not inherited any type of money and they saw the new world as their only option for succeeding socially and economically in their society. This desire to make money led the Conquistadores to inhumane attitudes.

2. The Nobility:
At the higher stratum of Iberian society a few great "grandee" families bore the titles of duke, marquis, or count. These elite families were the magnates who controlled the majority of the peninsula's land in the form of large estates. The families of the lesser nobility varied greatly in the extent of their wealth and were distinguished by the title of don and a family coat of arms. The lesser nobility was made up of the younger sons of the ancient families or of the recently ennobled bourgeoisie. They usually had rural estates and were involved in commercial affairs and, like the Church, they were exempt from all taxes by the Crown.
In Castile the concept of a gentleman, a hidalgo, was essentially aristocratic. A hidalgo was a man who lived for the Reconquest of Christian Iberia. He could do the impossible through sheer physical courage and a constant effort of will. He conducted himself in accordance to a strict code of honour and respected men who had won riches by force of arms rather then manual labour. Eventually this concept of the hidalgo would spread across all segments of society as the ideal of masculinity. This ideal was one that would eventually have far-reaching consequences in the New World.

3. What is a "conquistador"?
The word "conquistador" literally translated means "conqueror". A dictionary defines "conqueror" as "one who conquers" or "one who overcomes or surmounts".
Who is a "conquistador"?
A conquistador can imply several things. A young Latino whom struggles to survive in a harsh environment but overcomes and goes on to college is a conquistador. A Latino whom struggles but overcomes a process and becomes a brother of Lambda Theta Phi is a conquistador. Any Latino whom struggles for years in a collegiate environment through hard work, adversity and discrimination but overcomes is called a college graduate or as we call him, a conquistador.

4. “1491”

5. Spanish & Portuguese Cruelty

6. People Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castile
Bartolome` de las Casas
Hernan Cortez
Mocteczuma II
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
Pedro de Valdivia
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Charles III
Jose de Galvez
Marquis of Pombal
Tupac Amaru

7. Groups & Concepts Corregidores Encomienda Mita Consulado Potosi
Casa de la Contratacion
Consulado
Council of the Indies
Letrados
Viceroyalties
Paulistas
Hidalgos
Grandees
Encomienda
Mita
Potosi
Huancavelica
Galleons
Recopilacion
Audiencia
Haciendas

8. Places & Concepts Hispanola Mexico City New Spain Captaincies
War of Spanish Succession
Columbian Exchange
Treaty of Tordesillas

9. Viceroy
Pennisulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulatos
Indians
Slaves

10. Reconquesta 1492 Retake Iberia from the Muslims Inquisition
Muslims ruled from 700s
Retake Iberia from the Muslims
Inquisition
Expel Jews
Atlantic reconnaissance

11. Iberian Traditions Patriarchal society Nobles [landholders]
Professional bureaucracy
Based on legal system
No separation of church & state
Slavery

12. Chronology of Conquest
[3 Time Periods]
Chronology of Conquest
1st Period:
1492 – 1570
Est. administration & economy
2nd Period:
1570 – 1700
Colonial institutions & society
1 M people under European control
3rd Period:
18th Century
Reform & reorganization
Set stage for dissatisfaction & revolution
Conquistadores have long been tarred with the ‘black legend’, a device whereby the Creole élites of the independent nations of Hispanic America sought to distance themselves from the cruelty of Spanish occupation. In parallel, English-speaking historians also dwelt on the horrors of Spanish rule, charitably overlooking the fact that a much larger proportion of the Amerindian population survived south of the Rio Grande than the remnant in northern reservations. Today we appreciate that disease conquered the Americas. Battle dogs and horses, gunpowder, steel weapons and armour were indeed all unilateral Spanish advantages, but the Amerindians had no antibodies to the plagues that the Europeans brought with them. Not only did these exterminate whole populations, they also destroyed native faith in their rulers, culture, and gods. It was a holocaust, but in fairness to the Spanish they placed a market value on Amerindians conspicuously absent from Anglo-American calculations. They needed a healthy population to work their mines and estates for them, so to accuse them of a deliberate policy of extermination is absurd. Nonetheless, they tortured and killed mercilessly and were brutally exploitative of the survivors. It is a multifaceted paradox that the forced immigration of African slaves was born of the saintly Las Casas's concern that the remaining natives should not be worked to death. Instead, the Africans brought new diseases that nearly finished the Amerindians off.

13. Caribbean Experience Bartolome de las Casas tried to end abuse
MODEL FOR COLONIZATION
Columbus
Formed encomiendas
Enslave “Indians”
Diseases destroy indigenous populations
Bartolome de las Casas tried to end abuse
Urban centers on European grid model
Build universities & cathedrals
Magistrates control government
Church joins process
Women & African slaves

14. Paths of Conquest IMPLEMENTED BY INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVES
Cortez in Mexico [1519] Aztec [Mexica]
Amerindian allies & devastating disease
Capture Tenochititlan & Moctezuma II
New Spain
Pizarro [1535] S. America [Inca]
Atahualpa
Weakened by civil war
Built capital at Lima

15. Paths of Conquest Francisco Vazquez de Coronado Pedro de Valdivia
1540
U.S. Southwest
Pedro de Valdivia
1541
Central Chile [Santiago]
By 1570
192 Spanish urban settlements in New Spain

16. The Conquerors Conquest ends by 1570
Regulated by agreement b/w exploration leaders & sovereign
Authority for promises of sharing spoils
Men of conquest [are] not soldiers
New nobility over Amerindian peasantry
Epidemic diseases end any resistance
Conquest ends by 1570
The conquerors were not always aristocrats but they assumed the position when establishing superiority over native populations.
Seeking personal glory and spreading the faith.

17. Conquest & Morality Conquest, exploitation, & conversion justifiable?
Justification
Natives were not human;
thus subordinate
Defense
De las Casa defended natives
they are human
Outcome
De las Casas wins but much too late
Many take the position that the Indians were not human. . .thus seeking justification.
De las Casas promoted peaceful conversion.

18. Destruction & Transformation
Indigenous people suffered from conquest
Demographic catastrophe
Central Mexico
25 M declined to less than 2 M
Spanish response
Concentrate survivors into towns and confiscate their land
Completely transformed their society
The Eurasian landmass extends many thousands of miles along an east–west axis. Climate zones also extend for thousands of miles, which facilitated the spread of agriculture, domestication of animals, and the diseases associated with domestication. The Americas extend mainly north and south, which, according to a theory popularized by Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel, meant that it was much harder for cultivated plant species, domesticated animals, and diseases to spread.
Native vulnerability to European diseases put them at even greater risk when the Spanish forced them into towns. They were then hit again with devastating diseases when the Spanish began to import Africans into their plantation economies.

19. Estimates of how many people were living in the Americas when Columbus arrived have varied tremendously; 20th century scholarly estimates ranged from a low of 8.4 million to a high of 112.5 million persons. Given the fragmentary nature of the evidence, precise pre-Columbian population figures are impossible to obtain, and estimates are often produced by extrapolation from comparatively small bits of data. In 1976, geographer William Denevan used these various estimates to derive a "consensus count" of about 54 million people, although some recent estimates are lower than that.[1] On an estimate of approximately 50 million people in 1492 (including 25 million in the Aztec Empire and 12 million in the Inca Empire), the lowest estimates give a death toll of 80% at the end of the 16th century (8 million people in 1650).[2] Latin America would only reattain this level at the turn of the 20th century, with 17 million in 1800;[2] 30 million in 1850;[2] 61 million in 1900;[2] 105 million in 1930;[2] 218 million in 1960;[2] 361 million in 1980, and 563 million in 2005.[2] In the last thirty years of the 16th century, the Mexican population highly decreased to attain the low level of one million people in 1600.[2] The Maya population is today estimated at 6 million, which is the same level as at the end of the 15th century.[2] In what is now Brazil, the indigenous population has declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated 4 million to some 300,000.

20. Exploitation Spanish keep native institutions
Hold their nobles responsible
Labor debt & tax collecting
Enslavement [except in warfare] was forbidden by 16th C.
Encomiendas created by king
Land grants to conquerors
Used natives for labor & taxes
Spaniard keep Indian institutions that suited their purposes. Ie. Taxation and labor demands.
Spanish monarchy, fearing the emergence of a new aristocracy changed the encomienda system.

21. Encomienda Land grants by crown State contracted native labor
Modified because
Feared rise of new nobility
Disappeared by 1620s
State contracted native labor
Used in mines & state projects
Indians adapted Spanish culture to conform to their own

22. The Great Exchange Massive biological exchange
Columbian Exchange
Massive biological exchange
Changed both the new and old world
Exchanged crops & domestic animals & Diseases
Caused
Population increases in Old World
Counterintuitive = need for more colonization

23. Colonial Economic Systems
New Spain
80% agriculture & ranching
Mining also an essential activity
Commercial enterprise
Exchange of manufactured goods for raw materials
Caused Latin America to become dependent

24. Silver Heart of Empire Silver – major commodity
Mines in Mexico & Peru
Forced Native American labor
First as slaves then as paid labor
Govt. monopoly with individual investment
Owed the crown one fifth of production.
Potosi [Bolivia] largest mine.
Remember the connection to China trade and demand for silver.

25. Haciendas
New Spain
Agricultural & mining economy
Spanish rural estates emerged with decline of native populations
Haciendas become source of aristocratic wealth.
Land reform is the number one problem in Latin America today, especially in rural areas. Haciendas were very large enclosures of land, that produced a variety of crops, and employed many workers who lived on the land. These workers, usually native Indians, were paid low wages and were dependent on the hacienda owner for their livelihood.
Haciendas were often, but not always, linked to mines, which employed many Indian workers. Production from the mines was shipped back to Spain once a year, accompanied by many armed ships to protect the cargo from pirates.

26. Industry & Commerce Caused major inflation in Europe.
Herding economy [sheep]
Led to women working in sweatshops [textiles]
Silver ruled commercial system
Caused major inflation in Europe.
Spain controlled trade and commerce
Manila Galleons
Galleons transport b/w China & New World
Employed convoy system to protect silver fleets from pirates

27. Political Systems Church & State Treaty of Tordesillas [1494]
Papal land grants / conversion
Treaty of Tordesillas [1494]
Viceroys: represented king / legislative / judicial / military power
Council of the Indies
Clergy: both secular & religious function
Inquisition controlled morality & orthodoxy.
Little separation of church and state. State nominated church officials thus promoting loyalty of the Church to the State.

28. Plantation Economy Portuguese in Brazil Jesuits arrive
1500
After French show interest Portuguese nobles move on the area
Granted captaincies
Jesuits arrive
Indian resistance broken b/c
Disease – military force – missionary action

29. Sugar & Slavery Brazil – world leader in sugar Hierarchy
Very expensive
Very labor intensive / single crop
Hierarchy
Nobles & priests
Merchants & Govt. officials [bureaucrats]
Bureaucracy > lawyers

30. Labor Force MISSIONARIES: Ran ranches, mills and schools
Mixed bloods, poor whites, Indians & Africans who were > artisans, small farmers, herders or free workers
Slaves at the bottom [1/2 pop.]
1st Native American
African

31. Brazil & Gold Mines controlled by Portugal
Brazil lost its place as leader. . .sugar
Gold discovered [by Paulistas]
Minas Gerais [in Brazil]
Mines controlled by Portugal
Does not contribute to Portuguese economic development
Allowed them to import manufactured goods instead of making their own.
Very costly mistake. Big Stupid??

32. Hapsburg Rule 1580 & 1640 – Portugal & Spanish share [Hapsburg] ruler
Netherlands in revolt
[War of Spanish Succession]
British, French, Dutch create sugar plantations in Caribbean
Spain looses sugar monopoly

33. Multiracial Societies
SOCIEDAD DE LAS CASTAS
European men & Native American women
Mestizo population
Similar process with African slaves
Social Hierarchy:
PENINSULARES- European born settlers
CREOLES - New World born [Europeans]
Would later lead independence movements
MESTIZOS: Mixed races: European – Native Am. – Africans [any combination]

34. Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Slaves

35. 18th C. Reforms Spain & Portugal European population increases
18th C. Intellectual movement
New demographic & economic trends
European population increases
Pressure valve = colonies
Long term important consequences detrimental
Amigos del pais - reformers

36. Shifting Balance of Power & Trade
Spain weakened
Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal civil & economic problems
France – Britain – Holland rise
Spain mercantile & political system I
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht [1713]
Bourbon rule in Spain
The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples & Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.

37. Pombal & Brazil Marquis of Pombal Suppressed opposition
Portuguese reformer
Suppressed opposition
Jesuits expelled 1759
Agricultural monopolies [stimulation]
Mixed marriages encouraged
Little change effected

38. Reforms to Revolts Iberian colonies shared global growth
Economic boom >end of 18th C.
Reforms disrupt power patterns
Revolts:
Comunero Revolt [N. Granada]
Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru [Indians]
Illustrates local dissatisfaction with Imperial policies.
The Revolt of the Comuneros is series of uprisings by local inhabitants in Viceroyalty of New Granada, now Colombia, against the Spanish authorities between 1740 and While underlying causes may have been economic, ideas of freedom and self-government were expressed. These uprisings preceded the fight for liberation against Spanish colonialism that took place in the 19th century.

40. Latin America: Global Context
Portugal & Spain
Very large colonies
Global interaction
Recreated Iberia w/ local influences
Surviving Indian populations= multicultural & multiethnic society
Slavery [African]> role in society
Latin American transition is distinct from the west but related to it.

41. Enduring Questions
Trace patterns of economic & political development in New Spain.
Examine how those patterns impact Latin America throughout the time periods.