1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands New World Encounters 1

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Routes of the First Americans

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat –Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species –Global warming played a much bigger role in allowing American Indians to enter heart of North America

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture 5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures –Crops included maize, squash, and beans –Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities –Explains difference in Indian cultures in New World

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon –Sophisticated irrigation –Well-built roads for transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley –Large ceremonial mounds –Extensive trade network

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Mysterious Disappearances Cahokia—Mississippi Valley –Large ceremonial mounds –Far-flung trade network

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Aztec Dominance Aztecs settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful empire Highly-organized social and political structure Ruled through fear and force

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands A World Transformed Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures The rate of change varied from place to place Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands LONGHOUSE Woodland Indian longhouse

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Woodland Village Houses and crops

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Cultural Negotiations Diversity of language groups Place in society defined through kinship Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships - feuds

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois—central New York Powhattan—Chesapeake Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease –Smallpox –Measles –Influenza Rate as high as 95%

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Slavery ancient custom 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq Africa – a history of empires – not a united society

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Trade Routes in Africa

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Slave Castle in Africa

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Beginnings of the Slave Trade Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories Portuguese came for slaves and gold

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860—ca. 11 million Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Europe on the Eve of Conquest Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland” Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained –Rise of nation-states –Spread of new technologies/Renaissance –General Prosperity –Rise of population

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Conditions for Settlement in New World New Monarchs forged nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps) General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes Population growth after 1450

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Imagining a New World Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Myths and Reality Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China) 1492—initial voyage Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China World knew world was round

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Myths and Reality 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver) Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil)

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Voyages of European Exploration

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors –Large land grants –Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church –Protected Indian rights –Performed mass conversions

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands From Plunder to Settlement By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World –Unmarried males intermarried – more racially tolerant than English –Mixed-blood population emerged –More tolerant of Indians than English

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The French Claim Canada 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada French crown makes little effort to foster settlement

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The French Claim Canada French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners French fur traders – coureurs de bois Business adventure – no support from King of France

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The English Enter the Competition Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Birth of English Protestantism Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World –1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany –1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation –God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests –Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation –John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence –Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Militant Protestantism Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe –France—Huguenots –Scotland—Presbyterians –England—Puritans

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric –They would view Native Americans the same way

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 –He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization –Claimed that England needs American colonies –New World was a paradise for the taking