1. The Aztecs Legacy by Octavio Martinez

2. Who were the Aztecs? American indigenous people An ethnic group who settled in the central valley of Mexico One of the most important and advanced pre- Hispanic civilizations in the Americas Their empire was destroyed during the Spanish Conquest

3. Pre-Hispanic Civilizations Maya civilization –Oldest and lengthiest –Peak (AD 250 to 900) Inca civilization –Greatest in extension –Peak (AD 1438 to 1533) Aztec civilization –Largest capital –Peak (AD 1325 to 1521)

4. History of Mexico Three major periods: pre-Hispanic, Spanish Colony and independent nation Three major civil wars: Conquest, Independence and Revolution AztecsSpanish ColonyMexico Modern Mexico ConquestIndependenceRevolution 1325151918101910 time

5. Origin of the Aztecs Ancestors were semi- nomad tribes wandering areas of southern USA and northern Mexico Their ethnic group was called Nahuas who spoke nahuatl dialect Aztecs is a nahuatl word meaning “people from Aztlan”

6. Legacy: Nahuatls 30% of the total population has direct indigenous inheritance There are 2.5 million Nahua living in Mexico Nahuatl is spoken by 1.5 million people Most of Nahuas live in the central states of Mexico

7. Huitzilopochtli myth Main Aztec God God of the Sun and War Means “left-handed hummingbird” Son of Coatlicue Brother of Coyolxauhqui and the 400 surians “Guided” nahuas to the promised land

8. Legacy: Coyolxauhqui Stone Disk Found in 1978 during the excavations for new metro line, next to the National Palace and Cathedral A stone with a shape of a disk weighing 8 tons and 3.25m of diameter

9. Aztec Pilgrimage Travelled south of Aztlan looking for the promised land to build a powerful empire There were already other tribes living in the valley and had confrontations Discovered the abandoned city of Teotihuacan –Followed architectural style –Adopted Gods (Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc)

10. Legacy: Ancient City Teotihuacan stands for “Birthplace of the Gods” Built by Toltecas (100 BC-250 AD) and later abandoned (700 AD) It is located 50 km north east of Mexico City Highlights are pyramids of the sun and moon and temple of Quetzalcoatl

11. Foundation of Tenochtitlan Originally an island in Lake Texcoco Founded in AD 1325 Location was signalled by an ancient prophecy Its name means “Among the prickly pears that grow in the rocks”

12. Legacy: National Identity The location of the Great City would be signaled by an eagle eating a snake while standing on a prickly pear cactus Legend represents the Coat of arms of the Mexican flag Name of the country derives from the nahua tribe that came from Aztlan, the MEXIcas CO is a nahuatl word meaning place or city

13. City of Tenochtitlan The main city was built on an island within a lake City was connected to mainland via 4 causeways Streets were wide and straight Population was around 200,000 people People transported in canoes

14. Legacy: Mexico City Rebuilt after the Conquest following Spanish architectural standards In 1585 AD changed its name to Mexico City Mexico City’s downtown lies over Tenochtitlan One of the largest cities in the world with over 20 million people

15. City of Tenochtitlan Extended with “Chinampas” or floating gardens for agriculture needs In the centre, there were palaces, public buildings and schools Schools were divided in “Calmecac” for nobility and “Telpochcalli” for common people Army was compulsory and had ranks according to achievements

16. Legacy: Xochimilco Lake Located in the southern suburbs of Mexico City Remainder of what used to be the massive Texcoco Lake System of canals for colorful boats named “trajineras” Some chinampas have been recreated

17. Aztec Cuisine The basic ingredients were corn, beans, zucchini and chilli Tlaxcalli or Tortilla was always accompanying meals Meat was usually Hueyxolotl (turkey), Xoloitzcuintli (dog), iguana and fish Main drinks included Pulque (fermented maguey) and Atolli (corn porridge)

18. Legacy: Xocolatl Consumed as early as 1900 BC in Mexico Aztecs used it in religious events Cacao beans were accepted as currency Taken by the Spaniards to Europe to mix it with sugar and milk

19. Government Ruled by a king called “Tlatoani” who represented God and “Huetlatoani” or next level governors. A tribute system was established in which 32 provinces contributed and 27 only with consent Tenochtitlan joined Texcoco and Tlacopan to form the “Triple Alliance” thus becoming the Aztec Empire

20. Aztec Calendar The most famous stone of the Aztec empire Consisted of a 365-day calendar and a 260-day ritual calendar Altogether they form 52 years For every 52 years a new sun will rule the Universe

21. Ritual Calendar 20 day signs 13 day coefficients 20x13 = 260 days Each 13-day set was associated with a deity For example 1- jaguar to 13-death is Quetzalcoatl

22. Aztec Gods There were more than 100 Aztec Gods Gods were mainly associated with nature elements Other Gods were related to human stages, activities and feelings Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc were main Gods

23. Human Sacrifices Required to preserve the balance of the Universe Aztec Gods fed on human hearts and blood After the sacrifice, bones and skin were honored and decorated Respectful death was also considered during war or while giving birth

24. Legacy: Templo Mayor One of the main Aztec temples in Tenochtitlan Destroyed by the Spanish and covered over by a new city Excavations in the early 20 th century unveiled it Templo Mayor was used for sacrifices

25. The Conquest Aztecs had premonitions of bad times coming ahead Spanish conquistadores arrived in the east coast of Mexico Strategy, alliances with rivals and deceases, causes of Aztec defeat Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan in 2 years

26. To know more… Visit Teotihuacan, Anthropology museum, Xochimilco and Templo Mayor in Mexico City Books: “The True History of the Conquest of New Spain” by Bernal Diaz del Castillo and “The Broken Spears” by Miguel Leon Portilla Movie “Apocalipto”