1. CHAPTER 1 New World Encounters America Past and Present Eighth AP* Edition Divine  Breen  Fredrickson  Williams  Gross  Brand Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

2. Native American Histories Before Conquest n 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants n 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America n These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases

3. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Routes of the First Americans

4. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture n Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat u Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species u Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role n 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution u Crops included maize, squash, and beans u Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

5. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Mysterious Disappearances n Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon u Sophisticated irrigation u Well-built roads for transportation n Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Extensive trade network n Cahokia—Mississippi Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Far-flung trade network

6. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Aztec Dominance n Aztecs settled valley of Mexico n Center of large, powerful empire n Highly organized social and political structure n Ruled through fear and force

7. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Eastern Woodland Cultures n Atlantic coast of North America n Native Americans lived in smaller bands n Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering n Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers

8. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

9. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman A World Transformed n Large numbers of whites profoundly altered native cultures n The rate of change varied from place to place n Native traditions changed radically for cultural survival

10. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Cultural Negotiations n Diversity of language groups, ethnicities n Place in society defined through kinship n Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation n Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

11. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Confederacies of Eastern North America n Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie n Iroquois—central New York n Powhattan—Chesapeake

12. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Threats to Survival: Trade n Native Americans were eager for European trade n They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans n Commerce also influenced warfare patterns

13. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Threats to Survival: Disease n Contact brought population decline among American Indians n Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease u Smallpox u Measles u Influenza n Rate as high as 95%

14. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies n Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures u Islam u Strong traditional beliefs n A history of empires u Mali u Ghana n Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

15. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Trade Routes in Africa

16. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Beginnings of the Slave Trade n Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa n Native rulers sold prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

17. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman How Many Slaves? n Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year n Eighteenth century—5.5 million transported to the Americas n By 1860—ca. 11 million n Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas

18. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Europe on the Eve of Conquest n Tenth century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” n Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement attained u Rise of nation-states u Spread of new technologies u Spread of old knowledge n 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization

19. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Building New Nation-States n Population growth after 1450 n “New monarchs” forged nations from scattered provinces u Spain u France u England n “Middle class” a new source of revenue n Powerful military forces deployed

20. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Imagining a New World n Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization n Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella n 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled n Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization

21. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Myths and Reality n Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” n 1492—initial voyage n Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China n 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient n Made possible Spanish dominion in America

22. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The Conquistadores n Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands n By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated n By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire n 1539-1542—de Soto explored Southeast n 1540-1542—Coronado explored Southwest

23. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Voyages of European Exploration

24. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman From Plunder to Settlement n Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors u Large land grants u Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute n Appointed officials answered only to crown n Catholic Church u Protected Indian rights u Performed mass conversions n By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World u Unmarried males intermarried u Mixed-blood population emerged

25. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The French Claim Canada n 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec n French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi n French crown makes little effort to foster settlement n Fur trade underpinned economy n Indians became valued trading partners

26. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The English Enter the Competition n Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) n England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

27. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Birth of English Protestantism n Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance u 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany u 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva n Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics

28. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman The English Reformation n Tudor monarchs brought political unity n Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547) strengthened Crown n Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) n Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation n Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidated English Reformation

29. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Militant Protestantism n Lutheran Reformation u God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests u Justification by faith alone for salvation n Calvinist Reformation u John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence u Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation n Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe u France—Huguenots u Scotland—Presbyterians u England—Puritans

30. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Woman in Power n Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) a very capable monarch n Elizabeth introduced Via Media u Protestant Doctrine u “Catholic” Ritual u Ended religious turmoil in England n Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompted Spanish crusade against England n England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

31. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Religion, War, and Nationalism n Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood n Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes n Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire n 1588—Spanish Armada defeated

32. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement n English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World n To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric u They would view Native Americans the same way

33. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman English Conquest of Ireland n Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization u Irish viewed as backward u English under Elizabeth seized Irish land

34. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman English Brutality n English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile n English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance n English adventurers compared Native Americans with “wild” Irish

35. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke n Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 u He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen n The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 n The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery

36. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Campaign to Sell America n By 1600, no English settlements in New World n Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization u Claimed that England needs American colonies