1. Latin American History From Early Empires to Conquest

2. Early Civilizations Olmec (1500-400 BCE) Southern Mexico coastal Mother of Central America Mayan (100-900 CE) Southern Mexico, Guatemala Calendar, concept of 0 (zero) Aztec (1300-1525 CE) Central Mexico Tenochtitlan, maize markets in huge cities Inca (1300-1533 CE) Andes—Ecuador to Chile Terrace farming, roads, earthquake resistant buildings, Quecha language

3. Olmec Empire— 1500-900 BCE

4. The Olmec

5. Inca (1300- 1533 CE)

6. Machu Picchu

7. Mayan Empire (100-900 CE)

8. Mayan Ruins

9. Aztecs (1300-1525 CE)

10. Tenochtitlan—Aztec Capital

11. Tenochtitlan—City Map

12. Tenochtitlan—City Center

13. Aztec Sacrifice

14. THE EUROPEANS ARRIVE And then…

15. Questions to Consider: On Columbus… Why What was he looking for? 1494—Treaty of Tordesillas… Why were all cut out but Spain and Portugal? How did Pedro Cabral claim Brazil?

16. The Methods of Conquistadores Hernando Cotes Deception Alliances of Aztec’s enemies/rivals Fear factor Smallpox Francisco Pissarro (Pizzarro???) Deception and lies Captured the Inca Smallpox and the flu

17. The Treaty of Tordesillas

18. Weaknesses of the Empires Both Aztecs and the Inca Lack of immunity to common European diseases—smallpox, flu, measles, plague Area too big for the ruler to handle Conquered peoples treated cruelly Aztecs Superstitions about the horse and armor Spanish weapons superior in battles Inca Atahualpa kidnapped; no second in command Politics corrupt and easy to manuver

19. “Latinized” Culture Spanish or Portuguese imposed Christian religion forced by Jesuit and Dominican missionaries Class System enforces Peninsulars—European-born whites Creoles—whites born in the New World Mestizos—white and Indian parents Mulattos—white and African parents Indigenous—native peoples Forced Africans—slaves

20. Slavery in Latin America 95% of all African slaves brought to Latin America Most to Caribbean 1/3 to Brazil 5% to English colonies (13 colonies) Encomienda—large farm or ranch with forced indigenous laborers and the white owner living in the hacienda

21. Columbian Exchange