2. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

3. Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.

4. New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

5. New Weapons Technology

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

7. Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. 3.Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut.

8. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy 3a6schttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy 3a6sc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8waBR 2Hpsgkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8waBR 2Hpsgk

10. Columbus’ Four Voyages

11. Other Voyages of Exploration

12. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

13. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

14. Maya

15. Aztec

16. Inca

17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L 5_OlQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L 5_OlQ

18. Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

19. How was conquest achieved? Disease Technology/warfare strategies Alliances End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome.

20. How was conquest achieved? Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

21. Technology

22. Division among the people

23. End of the world predicted

24. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

25. Francisco Pizarro Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

26. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

27. European Empires in the Americas

28. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

29. Encomienda System and peonage Monopoly created with mercantilism

31. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

32. Treasures from the Americas!

33. But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize. However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

34. The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

35. Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans. Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

36. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

37. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

38. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

39. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

40. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

41. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

42. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

43. Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands

44. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

45. New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

46. New Colonial Rivals

47. Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease and slavery. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”] 4.Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.

48. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

49. http://flocabulary.com/conquistadors-and- slavery/http://flocabulary.com/conquistadors-and- slavery/