1. By: Silvia Camara, Sarah Walsh, Yaelis Avila

2. Indo-European invaders introduced new technologies to the Fertile Crescent while adapting earlier technologies developed by the civilizations they encountered there. MAIN IDEA

3. Indo-Europeans: a group of semi-nomadic people who migrated from southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent around 1700 BC Steppes: arid grasslands Nebuchadnezzar II: Chaldean king of Babylon from 605-562 BC; he rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city noted for its famed Hanging Gardens. KEY TERMS

4. 1.What military advantages helped the Hittites establish an empire in Asia Minor? 2.What events led to the rise and fall of the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires? 3.What were the main achievements of the Phoenicians? READING FOCUS

5. THE HITTITES

6. The Hittites are a warlike Indo-European tribe that developed in Southwest Asia. 2000 BC – they settled in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey) and conquered the surrounding people to form an empire. Their military success came from their horse-drawn chariots. It held three men: one man drove, another fought, and the last one held a shield for defense. The Hittites easily defeated foes with this advantage and expanded their empire. 1595 BC- The Hittties sacked Babylon. THE HITTITE MILITARY

7. They blended their cultures with the cultures around them like the Akkadians and Babylonians. They were the first people in their region to master ironworking techniques, used first for making ornaments then weapons and tools. Hittite rule reached a peak in the 1300 but remained a strong force until about 1200 BC. They fell to powerful raiders known to historians only as the Sea Peoples. HITTITE CULTURE

8. Originally from Northern Mesopotamia near the city of Assur along the upper Tigris River They grew barley and raised cattle and adopted much of the Sumerian culture In 1300 BC they gained power then lost it to another empire then in 900 BC they regained strength Frequent war made them a fierce warrior society with foot soldiers, chariots, and a cavalry They were masters of siege warfare and often relied on terror to defeat enemies. THE ASSYRIANS

9. The Assyrians created an efficient system to govern a vast empire. Kings ruled through local leaders, each of which governed a small part of the empire. The local leader collected taxes, enforced laws, and raised troops for the army. A system of roads linked different parts of the empire. Messengers raced with orders, troops moved with ease, and merchants carried on trade. ASSYRIAN RULE

10. To maintain peace across the empire, the Assyrians brutally punished anyone who opposed them. They also produced great cultural achievements. The greatest was the Library in Assyria’s capital, Nineveh containing 20,000 cuneiforms tablets collected from across the empire. As the empire grew larger it was harder to control. The Chaldeans and the Medes joined forces and in 612 BC captured and torched the capital and ended the empire. ASSYRIAN RULE

11. After the Assyrian empire fell the Chaldeans took much of southern and western Assyria. The Chaldeans made the old city of Babylon the new capital of their new Babylonian empire They admired and studied the Sumerian language and built temples to Sumerian gods. They developed a calendar based on the phases of the moon and made advances in astronomy. The Chaldean Empire ended in 539 BC with the Persian conquest of Babylon. THE CHALDEANS

12. NEBUCHADNEZZAR II

13. Smaller city-states emerged in Western Asia such as Sidon and Tyre in an area called Phoenicia It lay along the Mediterranean Sea in present-day Lebanon Because farming was difficult the Phoenicians turned to trade and the sea for their livelihood They became expert sailors and dominated trading in ports as far as the British Isles and Sierra Leone in Africa They founded colonies on their trade routes such as Carthage on the coast of North Africa THE PHOENICIANS

14. To record their activities, Phoenician traders developed the world’s first alphabet Because it used letters that could form countless words, it was more flexible than those that used pictures They introduced their alphabet to the people of the ports they visited including the Greeks who expanded and modified it The Greek and Phoenician alphabets are the ancestors of our modern alphabet THE PHOENICIAN ALPHABET

15. 1.What military advantages helped the Hittites establish an empire in Asia Minor? A: The Hittites’ success came largely through their use of the horse-drawn war chariot. The Hittite chariot was heavy and slow, but very powerful. Whereas most chariots of the time held only two soldiers, Hittite chariots held three. As one man drove, a second fought, and a third held shields for defense. This extra defender enabled the Hittites to move their chariots in close to enemy forces while staying protected, easily crushing most foes. READING FOCUS

16. 2. What events led to the rise and fall of the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires? A: Both the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires ended because of conquest by other people who invaded their capitals. The Chaldeans invaded Nineveh, the Assyrian capital and ended their empire in 612 BC. The Chaldean Empire ended with the conquest of Babylon by the Persians in 539 BC READING FOCUS

17. 3. What were the main achievements of the Phoenicians? A: The Phoenicians invented glassblowing and became expert sailors and traders whose exports included ivory carvings, silverwork, and slaves. Their greatest achievement—and their most influential legacy—was their alphabet. READING FOCUS