1.  1. IMMIGRANTS ◦ CITIES CHEAPER AND MORE CONVIENT ◦ ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS AND CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES NOT FOUND IN RURAL AREAS

2.  2. FARMERS ◦ FEWER FARM LABORERS NEEDED BECAUSE OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ◦ BELIEVED JOBS COULD BE FOUND IN CITIES ◦ CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

3.  3. AFRICAN AMERICANS ◦ FEWER FARM LABORERS NEEDED BECAUSE OF TECHNOLOGY ◦ BELIEVED JOBS COULD BE FOUND IN CITIES ◦ HOPE OF LESS RACIAL VIOLENCE AND POLITICAL OPPRESSION THAN THE SOUTH ◦ CULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES NOT FOUND IN RURAL AREAS

4.  LACK OF SAFE AND EFFICENT TRANSPORTATION ◦ CONSTRUCTION OF MASS- TRANSIT NETWORKS, BASED ON SUCH NEW FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION AS CABLE CARS, ELECTRIC STREETCARS, AND ELECTRIC SUBWAYS

5.  UNSAFE DRINKING WATER ◦ CHLORINATION AND FILTRATION

6.  LACK OF SANITATION ◦ SEWER LINES AND SANITATION DEPARTMENTS

7.  FIRE HAZARDS ◦ FULL-TIME PROFESSIONAL FIRE DEPARTMENTS AND AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER ◦ REPLACEMENT OF MANY WOODEN BUILDINGS WITH STRUCTURES MADE OF BRICK, STONE AND CONCRETE

8.  CRIME ◦ FULL-TIME PROFESSIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENTS