1. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
STANDARD(S): Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation.
LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there.
Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues.
Describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS
Commitment
Attitude
CARES
Respect
Encouragement
Safety

3. The Challenges of Urbanization
Section 2
The Challenges of Urbanization
The rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation.
NEXT

4. The Challenges of Urbanization2
SECTION
The Challenges of Urbanization
Urban Opportunities
Immigrants Settle in Cities
• Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities
• Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs
• Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture
• Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills
- English, American history, cooking, etiquette
• Ethnic communities provide social support
Continued . . .
NEXT

5. SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION
Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest
Most immigrants settled in cities because of the available jobs & affordable housing
By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities

6. Guided Reading The People
Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest?
1. Immigrants
Cities cheaper and more convenient;
ethnic neighborhoods and cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

8. Migration from Country to City2
SECTION
continued Urban Opportunities
Migration from Country to City
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities
Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood
1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence
Find segregation, discrimination in North too
Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension
NEXT

9. MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN
Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century
It also meant less labor was needed to do the job

10. Guided Reading The People
Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest?
2. Farmers
Fewer farm laborers needed because of new technology;
believed jobs could be found in cities;
cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

11. MIGRATION FROM Rural to Urban
Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans
Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North

12. Guided Reading The People
Why was each group drawn to cities in the Northeast and Midwest?
3. African Americans
Fewer farm laborers, needed because of new technology;
believed jobs could be found in cities;
hope of less racial violence and political oppression than in the South;
cultural opportunities not found in rural areas

13. Indian Assimilation School

14. Chapter 7; Section 2
A – Why did native-born Americans start the Americanization movement?
To encourage newcomers to assimilate into the dominant culture.

15. URBAN PROBLEMS

16. Urban Problems Transportation 2
SECTION
Urban Problems
Transportation
• Mass transit—move large numbers of people along fixed routes
• By 20th century, transit systems link city to suburbs
Continued . . .
NEXT

17. URBAN PROBLEMS
Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

19. Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem?
4. Lack of safe and efficient transportation
Construction of mass-transit networks, based on such new forms of transportation as:
cable cars,
electric streetcars,
and electric subways

20. Urban Problems Housing 2
SECTION
Urban Problems
Housing
• Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses
• Later, row houses built for single families
• Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house
• Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary
Continued . . .
NEXT

21. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included:
Housing: overcrowded tenements (multi-family homes) were unsanitary
Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

22. Jacob Riis

23. 2
SECTION
continued Urban Problems
Water
1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare
Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908
Continued . . .
NEXT

24. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common

25. Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem?
5. Unsafe drinking water
Chlorination and filtration

26. 2
SECTION
continued Urban Problems
Sanitation
Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses
- often do not do job properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments
Continued . . .
NEXT

27. Sanitation

28. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air

30. Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem?
6. Lack of sanitation
Sewer lines and sanitation departments

31. 2
SECTION
continued Urban Problems
Fire
Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments
Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer
NEXT

32. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires
Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

33. Jacob Riis

34. Jacob Riis

35. Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem?
7. Fire hazards
Full-time professional fire departments and the automatic fire sprinkler;
replacement of many wooden buildings with structures made of brick, stone, and concrete

36. Crime 2 As population grows, thieves flourish
SECTION
continued Urban Problems
Crime
As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective
NEXT

37. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED
Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished

38. Guided Reading THE PROBLEM What was done in response to each problem?
8. Crime
Full-time professional police departments

39. REFORMERS MOBILIZE
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY Riis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many

40. Jacob Riis

41. Chapter 7; Section 2
B – What housing problems did urban working-class families face?
Transportation difficulties, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions.

42. Jacob Riis

43. Chapter 7; Section 2
C – How did conditions in cities affect people’s health?
Lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation spread disease.

44. Reformers Mobilize The Settlement House Movement 2
SECTION
Reformers Mobilize
The Settlement House Movement
• Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty
• Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor
• Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants
• Run by college-educated women, they:
- provide educational, cultural, social services
- send visiting nurses to the sick
- help with personal, job, financial problems
• Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889
NEXT

45. REFORMERS MOBILIZE
The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor

46. Jane Addams and Hull House
REFORMERS MOBILIZE
Some reformers established Settlement Homes
These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services
Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago)
Jane Addams and Hull House

47. Urbanization
The rapid growth of cities
Social
Gospel movement
The Movement preached salvation through service to the poor
settlement houses
These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services
Jane Addams
The most famous member of the Settlement (House) Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago

48. Politics in the Gilded Age
Section 3
Politics in the Gilded Age
Local and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform.
NEXT

49. Politics in the Gilded Age3
SECTION
Politics in the Gilded Age
The Emergence of Political Machines
The Political Machine
• Political machine—organized group that controls city political party
• Give services to voters, businesses for political, financial support
• After Civil War, machines gain control of major cities
• Machine organization: precinct captains, ward bosses, city boss
Continued . . .
NEXT

50. SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines
Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city
Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

51. The Role of the Political Boss3
SECTION
continued The Emergence of Political Machines
The Role of the Political Boss
• Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he:
- controls access to city jobs, business licenses
- influences courts, municipal agencies
- arranges building projects, community services
• Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence
Immigrants and the Machine
Many captains, bosses 1st- or 2nd-generation Americans
Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing
NEXT

52. ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system
Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes
Boss Tweed ran NYC

53. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL
Some political bosses were corrupt
Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud
Graft (bribes) was common among political bosses
Construction contracts often resulted in “kick-backs”
The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny

55. Municipal Graft and Scandal3
SECTION
Municipal Graft and Scandal
Election Fraud and Graft
• Machines use electoral fraud to win elections
• Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain
• Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities
The Tweed Ring Scandal
• 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall in NYC
• Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars
• Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage
- Tweed Ring broken in 1871
NEXT

56. PATRONAGE SYSTEM
Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system
The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected

57. Civil Service Replaces Patronage3
SECTION
Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Patronage Spurs Reform
• Patronage—government jobs to those who help candidate get elected
• Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs
• Some appointees not qualified; some use position for personal gain
• Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service
Continued . . .
NEXT

59. Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur 3
SECTION
continued Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur
• Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876
- names independents to cabinet
- creates commission to investigate corruption
- fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts
• 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election
• Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is vice-president
• Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed
• As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law
• Pendleton Civil Service Act—appointments based on exam score
NEXT

60. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE
Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs
The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance
Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

61. Business Buys Influence3
SECTION
Business Buys Influence
Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs
Business wants high tariffs; Democrats want low tariffs
1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs
1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs
- wins passage of McKinley Tariff Act
1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers McKinley Tariff
- rejects bill that also creates income tax
- Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894
1897, William McKinley becomes president, raises tariffs again
NEXT

62. Protectionism - Tariffs